Slavery and Civil War Essay Example for Free

Slavery and Civil War EssayFor a long time a controversy has existed amongst historians regarding thralldom as a clear for the civil contend. A large form of Northern writers agreed with President Said James Ford Rhodes that slavery was the singular cause of civil struggle and but for slavery there would have been no civil war at all. The annexation of new territories of Texas, Oregon and Mexico were the source of all trouble because whenever the hesitation of entry of any utter to the Union came up before the Congress, both Northern and Southern states tried their level best to ensure its entry as a free or slave state respectively. Wilmot Proviso might have exploded the situation but was again saved by the agree of 1850. As someone rightly pointed, the compromise of 1850 was merely a lull which foreshadowed the coming of a storm. This situation was further provoked by the Kansas-Nebraska bill. It re-opened the read/write head of slavery. One of the immediate of the pas sage of the bill was that a struggle started between the free and slave states over the control of Kansas. The Lecompton Constitution 1857, the Dred Scott decision 1857 were the later incidents that elusive the slavery question and led to civil war.Right from the start of Civil War pressure had been exerted on Lincoln to declare the war as a crusade for the abolition of slavery. To win the support of the liberal opinion in Europe, Lincoln issued his Proclamation of Emancipation on September 22, 1862, in his capacity as Commander-in Chief of the Army. It was declared that on the first day of January A. D 1863, all persons held as slaves within any state or designated part of a state the community whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free. No doubt, the abolitionists were insulted, attacked and persecuted, but they carried on their activities. All these actions and reactions did arouse the conscience of the people and in the north they stood up to defend them. The Abolitionists followed different methods, which resulted in split of the organization. The extremist group known as Garr achieved their objective. The other group known as liberty Party Men was composed of moderates and believed in constitutional methods. They wanted to get into the Congress, control the presidency and bring about the desired reforms.They put up candidate in the4 presidential election of 1840 though they could not get him elected. thirteenth Amendment also paved the way for civil war. It was not the same 13th Amendment that we have today but this amendment preceded the Civil War, was adopted in February 1861. This version was adopted for an utterly dissimilar purposeto guarantee the validity and perpetuity to the institution of slavery in the Southern slave states, rather than to abolish it. This amendment was aimed at to guarantee to preclude Civil War. But the opposite happened. Another factor that contributed toward the intensification of civil was black soldiers.In 1862, President Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation enabled for African Americans to recruit in the Union Army. There was an earlier desire on the part of the African-American to nitty-gritty the war, but were negated to enlist in the army due to the secession fear of the bordering states. However after the Proclamation hundred thousands of black soldiers joined the army and their number mounted to approximately 180,000. From the above discussion, we can conclude that it would be fully an erroneous view to hold that slavery was the sole cause of the civil war but it is right to conclude that for slavery there would have been no civil war.

Annotated Review of Literature Essay Example for Free

Annotated Review of Literature EssayAnnotated Review of Literature to Support how Differentiated Instruction Workshops send packing Improve Instruction Hawkins, V. (2009). Barriers to implementing differentiation Lack of confidence, efficacy and perseverance. The New England Reading Association Journal, 44(2), 11-16. Retrieved from Education Full Text database. Annotation In this article, Hawkins exposes three major(ip) reasons why implementing secern instruction (DI) if a difficult task for most teachers. Hawkins states that districts advocate for professional development of DI as a reactive response to genuine data trends in cultivation.The goal of this article is to provide classroom teachers with the necessary skills to be able to implement DI into their curriculum. The researcher found that a lack of teacher confidence, lack of teacher efficacy, and a lack of perseverance are three factors in which teachers most often struggle with when trying to differentiate lessons. Support for sound projection This article gives important information for teachers on how to overcome the barriers of implementing effective DI into their curriculum.So many of us vista the same problems when trying to differentiate our lessons, therefore, it is important for teachers to figure how to overcome these barriers and to a fault to understand that they are not alone in this daunting task. Hawkins goes on to describe each barrier in detail to second teachers overcome them so they stop become effective DI instructors. Tomlinson, Carol Ann. Carol Ann Tomlinson explains how secern instruction works and why we motivating it now. Making A Difference, family line 2007.Annotation In this article, Carol Ann Tomlinson, who is a leader in the field of education on Differentiated Instruction, explains what DI is, why it is so important in education today, as well as in the future, and the characteristics of an effective differentiated classroom. Tomlinson also reviews some ke y points that teachers need to think virtually when developing a differentiated lesson plan. The researcher goes on to explain that the reason DI is so important is that students vary in so many modal values, and our student populations are becoming more and more academically diverse.Support for Project This article is important for my project beca drug abuse the researcher explains how to deal with student differences. Todays classrooms are so diverse and teachers need to know how to deal with these differences on a daily basis. Tomlinson states that there are three ways to deal with differences ignore them, separate or track them, or keep students together in the context of high-quality curriculum (differentiated instruction). Obviously the third one should be the way to go, but unfortunately, it is the road least traveled.This article also describes the characteristics of a well-run DI classroom and what teachers need to do in order to be successful when creating differentiated lessons to improve instruction. Tomlinson, C. (2005). Traveling the road to differentiation in stave development. Journal of Staff Development, 26(4), 8-12. Retrieved from Education Full Text database. Annotation In this article, Tomlinson explains how teacher leaders can help educators hurdle four key barriers teachers face when trying to implement DI into their classrooms.The researcher describes the need for DI in the United States education system and also reviews six strategies of effective differentiation. Tomlinson goes over current research findings about student achievement and differentiation in response to readiness, interest, and learning profiles. Support for Project This article is important for my project because when trying to convince educators to change their way of thinking and pedagogical answers, you must have solid evidence that the new practice in this case, DI, will work.This article goes over the latest research findings to condescend DI and it also gives effective strategies for implementing DI practices as well as ways to overcome barriers of incorporating DI into the curriculum. The goal of my project is to design a workshop to inform educators about differentiated instruction what it is, why we need it, what effective DI practices look like, what the keys aspects of DI are, how to overcome the barriers of DI, and what the current research of DI is. This article does a good job of reviewing these topics. Wormeli, R. (2007).Differentiation From planning to practice grades 6-12. Portland, ME Stenhouse. Annotation In this book, Wormeli provides a practical way for teachers to create a differentiated lesson from start to finish. He walks educators through the lesson, giving details on what locomote to take before, during, and after to make deep connections for students. He gives effective strategies and advice on how to reach all learners within one classroom. Wormeli presents models of effective differentiated instruction, so that teachers can extend what they learn to any subject and any classroom.Support for Project When creating a workshop for educators on differentiation, it is important to include models of instruction for teachers to reflect upon and use as examples for the future. That is just what this book does. Wormeli gives annotated models of effective differentiated instruction, such as tiering, flexible grouping, how to make adjustments based on formative assessments, and interdisciplinary examples for teachers to learn how to do. erst educators feel comfortable using these strategies, they can extend these procedures throughout their careers.

What Made Coca Cola Achieve Superior Performance

What Made coca plant Cola Achieve Superior Per pull inance coca Cola has been operating in the industry since 1886 and is keep open leading industry at this date. As the worlds erectst beverage conjunction today, coca Cola has business operation to more than 200 countries found in Eurasia, Africa, Europe, sum America, Latin America, and the Pacific, marketing a portfolio of 500 brands and 3300 beverage harvest-homes.In 2009, Coca Cola ranked 26th in the BW 50 and bagged the recognition having the beaver brand name by the Interbrand. Commenter of the BW 50 especially mentioned that Coca Cola has triumphed over difficult times because of its innovative sapidity. In special, the companys innovative dodge involves preserving the companys treasures that do Coca cola remarkable and that is by taking its brand image of wholesomeness and family and friends and applying the values in a fresh category. Moreover, studies have leavenn that companies that invested in innovations durin g recessions have recorded the biggest jump in profits. The innovative spirit of Coca Cola is one of the key doers that contributed for the companys superior procedure, that is, its innovation scheme gave the company the combative advantage over its competitors. A competitive advantage is something that provides incremental value when compargond to other offerings, wherein value is the perception of how much the buyer benefitted beyond what was being paid in the product. In order to create value, the four Ps of marketing (that constitute the marketing mix) product, price, place, promotion have to be observed and practiced effectively.Dwyer and chromatic (2006) assert that innovation can be in the form of innovative marketing scheme, innovative manufacturing processes or innovative incarnate structure. Also, companies that display the innovative spirit were found to have a incarnate culture that support innovation. Such a culture is dominated by a desire for the company to grow, to ameliorate and to take advantage of all possible opportunities. That is, innovative companies tend to focus on opportunity risk (Dwyer Tanner 2006).With regards to Coca Colas outline, the innovation comes in the form of innovative marketing strategy embracing the values that made it famous.Moreover, studies have consistently shown that key factors contribute to the likelihood of success of a company. One factor is vision, or the degree to which the phylogeny team shargons a vision of what the new exploitation project is supposed to accomplish. Another factor is a structured new product development process. Finally, having a long term perspective is another important characteristic. In many ways, these factors may be characteristics of an innovative culture. As ray of light Drucker (1985) wrote, When all is said and done, what innovation requires is hard, focused, purposeful work.The literature also points five key components of success to wit close ties to vindica ted market that lead to a product advantage highly integrated and market-oriented company competitive advantages in technology and production, fast(a) marketing proficiency, and unbendable fiscal support.First, if the company has close ties to well-defined market, then it is able to anticipate customer demand, creating a product advantage. In this case, product advantage is the dominant factor in success (Cooper and Kleinschmidt 1987). Second, there essential be close coordination between all who participate in the new product development process. A market-oriented company selects its tar captivates more wisely and offers a product mix better matched to customer preferences. Third, the company must have competitive advantage technology and production capability, with which the new product is a good fit. These starting three factors should result in a product or service that is unique and delivers superior benefits.The fourth element is that the company must have a strong market ing proficiencyThe last but essential component is that the company must have strong financial support for its product transmit and must take advantage of the marketing proficiencyThese factors were identified in studies involving tangible products and operate. In addition, it helps to choose a market with a high proceeds rate (Dwyer and Tanner 2006).Coca Colas focus on beverage creation and marketing enables the company to understand and meet the diverse and ever-ever-changing beverage needfully and desires of the consumers from all over the globe.The magnitude of Coca Colas advertising and distribution dodge enabled the company to easily market new non-alcoholic drinks as well as mineral water. Because of this, despite continuously changing consumer taste and preference, Coca Cola maintained its competitive advantage and lions sh be in the industry. Moreover, Coca Cola marketing campaigns such as Its the Real Thing, The Pause the Refreshes, Things Go Better with Coke and the latest Happiness have further enticed more consumers to try the companys products. In effect of the strong marketing proficiency, the company has become a global selling company with about 1.6 jillion servings of products being consumed every day.Coca cola developing strategy in three ways/directions during 1996 olympic gamesEmotional branding,the main idea was to let consumers experience the experience instead of product. Main focus was made on recognition of worlds diversity and individuality, and makes connection brands core ingredient. Company made it obvious to consumers that it recognizes its global status.Artworks Coca cola stores were used as canvas by 53 artists from different countries to express their spirit, cultural values, customs and traditions. Some of the artworks were so successful that were put on permanent display at theWorld of coca cola in las vegas.Just In Time advertising during the Olympic games company ran 88 different TV commercials for 17 days. Each commercial was devoted to a particular theme of the Games and was never repeated. This is a very good example of global advertising campaign, as the advertisments ran simultaneously in one hundred thirty-five countries.Another way Coca-Cola tackled this strategy was through art. With Coca-Cola bottles as the canvas, artists from 53 different countries created works of art using local materials while capturing the spirit of their native traditions and cultures. Among the works, a six-foot-tall replica of Stonehenge from England and a ten-foot bottle made of rattan, wood and grass from the Philippines. The artwork received amazing reviews as many of the bottles went on world tour. Some of the bottles have even been put on permanent display at the sWorld of Coca-Cola in Las Vegas to demonstrate the global reason of the Coca-Cola Company that parallels with the international Olympic GamesThe third way the company embarked upon this global harvest-time strategy was with Just In Time advertising. Coke screened 88 separate television commercials, and over the 17 days of the Olympic Games, none of them was repeated. Each make out was also carefully bought to target that particular programs specific audience. The 17 commercials, one for each day of the Games, reflected the theme of the day and the latest Olympic news to the 135 countries the advertisement ran. These three global growth strategies proved very successful for Coca-Cola. (http//www.unc.edu/jdee/creativestrategy.html)Further, using the social media, Coca Cola have invested on archives that draw in advertising as well as marketing materials. The archives document the crossing point between the companys products and its consumers. It contains advertising and marketing materials from the newspapers, magazines, radio, advertisements and commercials and also photo aggregation that depicts international and domestic distribution of Coca Colas products. Blogs are then created that promotes the company with focus on heritage and pop culture. Through this resource, the company is able to get new information from the followers of social media. In this way, the company is learning new ideas helpful for future strategies. An example of this is the Fan-based strategy of Coca Cola, as cited from a literatureCoca-Cola used the fan-based strategy in an attempt to differentiate itself from traditional Olympic advertising, which used athletes. The For the Fans campaign went into action with a series of ads featuring actual photographs of fans imbibition Coke at Olympic Games from 1928 onward. The first two commercials aired during the week of March 6, 1996 and featured black and white photos from previous Olympics showing fans in Switzerland attribute Coca-Cola bottles. In the next step, Coke focused on a series of ads highlighting real life stories about how Coke has made a oddment to young aspiring athletes. Finally, for the third step, Coke used commercials, print ads, and posters that add ressed whether the enthusiasm of the fans makes a real difference to the outcome of the sporting event. The answer was resoundingly yes. (http//www.unc.edu/jdee/creativestrategy.html)According to Dwyer and Tanner (2006) learning is when we connect new information to what we already know. Learning organization is one that consistently creates and refines its capabilities by connecting new information and skills to know and remembers requisite for future success. Organizational learning is the process of developing new knowledge that has the potential to influence behavior. Learning facilitates behavior change that leads to better performance. numerous executive have said that the besides truly sustainable competitive advantage is to be able to learn faster than tilt, a contention supported by research.Moreover, the companys competitive advantages are explored in the following buyer negotiate power, supplier bargaining power, barriers to entry, intensity of competition and threat of substitute.Among the customers of Coca Cola, the restaurants have the largest bargaining power. Coca Cola earns the largest profit margins from the large purchase volume made by authorized bottlers on its concentrates, in which the bottled beverages are then passed on the customers (restaurant chains). The general bargaining powers of the buyers have given Coca Cola an average of 28% operating margin.In terms of raw materials, Coca Cola established a good bargaining power with its suppliers. The companys financial situation, e.g., high and stable gross profit margin of 65% indicates that there is low risk for the bargaining power of the suppliers to affect Coca Colas profitability. Also, high earning per capita of the companys employees reveals that the company has relatively low sensitivity to labor costs changes.The company has established exceptional network of distribution system throughout the globe that enables the company to enjoy economies of scale, and hence a remarkabl e competitive advantage that created barriers for new entrants to participate in the industry. Also, the companys strong brand and large scale advertising provided the company a barrier to competition.Further, the companys strong brands have reduced competition in the consumer staple sector.Disruptive Innovation TheoryAmong the companies providing goods and services to consumers around the globe, only 10% are able to maintain and sustain a level of growth that is acceptable for the shareholders, while the rest of the 90% are not able to. Though these 90% have been applying the best strategies to make the business survive like investments on technological innovations, mindful of healthy competition and customers feedback, these efforts are not enough. The requirements of long-term sustainable success not only include the right normal strategies but also disruptive strategies in innovation. The core principle of disruptive innovation theory is that the innovation made by companies te nds to have a faster pace that the changes in the customers lives. Hence, to maintain growth, a company must not only create innovations but also must be able to retain its core offerings and should always continue to practice sustainable innovationIn the case of Coca Cola, though the company has been operating for quite a long time already, and can actually be considered as a very old company in the industry, it continues to hold a large share in the industry and even expand its market. The reason is that though Coca Cola adapts innovations, it is still able to embrace the values that made Coca Cola remarkable in the first place. In particular, the company preserve its brand image of wholesomeness and family and friends and continuously applying the brand image to new categories.Innovation powerOne indicator that Coca Cola engages in innovations is the Innovation Index published by the UTEK Corporation. The latest Strategos/wRatings Innovation Index result of the UTEK Corporation confirms that Coca Cola continues to be innovative, with index score of 78.04 and leads the ranking of innovation performance of food and beverage companies. The SW Innovation Index is based on end-consumers feedbacks on the tangible benefits that they have obtained for the companies products.Corporate SustainabilityIn terms of corporate sustainability, Coca Cola initiated its Commitment 2020 plan. The plan outlines Coca Colas goals for the next 10 long time which include minimization of water usage, reduction of carbon footprint by 15%, retrieval of 100% of the packaging and increase campaign on recycling. The company also plans to use local resources and pledge to eliminate potent greenhouse gases called HFCs (or hydroflourocarbons) by 2015.Literature views Corporate sustainability asa new and evolving corporate management paradigm. The term paradigm is used deliberately, in that corporate sustainability is an alternative to the traditional growth and profit-maximization modelit recognizes that corporate growth and profitability are important and re requires the company to practice the goals of the society, especially those relating to sustainable development like economic development, security measure of the environment, social justice, and equitythe concept borrows elements from four more established concepts sustainable development corporate social responsibility stakeholder theory corporate written reportability theory. ..Sustainable development need for economic growth with environmental protection and social equity to meets the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs corporate social responsibility deals with the role of business in society with the premise that corporate managers have an ethical obligation to consider and address the needs of society, not just to act solely in the interests of the shareholders or their own self-interestStakeholder theory asserts that the stronger the c ompanys relationships are with other external parties, the easier it will be to meet your corporate business objectives the worse your relationships, the harder it will be. Strong relationships with stakeholders are those based on trust, respect, and cooperation is corporate accountability is the legal or ethical responsibility to provide an account or reckoning of the actions for which the company is held responsible (www.sunstar.com.ph).The 2020 Vision of Coca Cola maintains that the company will double its global servings per day to 3 billion from 1.6 billion and will double system revenue and improve margins. If this is pulled-off as planned, along with their dividend payout and stock buybacks, it will create solid shareholder happens over a 10 year period.In 2009, Coca Cola publicized its new tensile bottle made partially from plants. The PlantBottle is a fully recyclable bottle and is made from a combination of petroleum-based materials and plant-based materials. In this ins tance, Coca Cola have made an innovative product. Quoting from the companys websiteThe Coca-Cola Company the first company to introduce a beverage bottle made with recycled plastic has been focused on ensuring the sustainability of its packaging for decades. It has put resources behind creating packaging that is recyclable and investing in recycling infrastructure to ensure that its packages are collected, recycled, and re-used. Earlier this year, the Company opened the worlds largest plastic bottle-to-bottle recycling plant in Spartanburg, S.C. The plant will produce approximately 100 million pounds of recycled PET plastic for reuse each year the equivalent of nearly 2 billion 20-ounce Coca-Cola bottles. These efforts are all focused on helping close the loop on packaging use and produce truly sustainable packages for consumers (www.thecoca-colacompany.com.).Financial PerformanceAs one of the well-known companies worldwide, Coca Cola currently is trading at a reasonable value. A t the end of 2009, the company has published an 8.7 revenue growth, earning growth of 11%, and cash come down growth of 11%. The average yearbook dividend of the company is $1.76 but entering 2010, the dividend yields 3.26% with a 3-year dividend growth of 10%.Coca Cola showed remarkable performance over the decades. The companys financial performances over the years are reflected in the table below2009200820072006Revenue Growth $B30.9931.99428.85724.088Earnings Growth $B6.9065.8075.9815.080Cash Flow Growth $B8.1867.5717.1505.957Dividend GrowthDividend $1.641.521.361.24 tolerate %3.283.042.52.8The financial health of the company is outstanding. Coca Colas net profit margin is at 22% at the end of 2009, which is higher as compared to its competitors like PepsiCo (with only 14% net profit margin).Analysts and investors also considered the cash flow as the life blood of any business. Cash flow is used as a core indicator of a firms financial health and viability and it is considered as a good gauge to quickly judge a firms financial performance. As an indicator, a negative cash flow, on one hand, indicates that the firm is financially troubled. No firm can keep on operating if cash flow is negative. On the other hand, positive cash flow, when cash is increasing, indicates that the firm is financially healthy (at least for the period) and can be able to pay its bills. In relation to this, Coca Colas cash flow exhibits a growth of 11%, from $7.571 billion in 1998 to $8.186 billion in 1999.In terms of dividend growth, the company has recorded increases in dividends for years in a row that made Coca Cola to be among the top in the list of dividend aristocrat. The current companys stock yields 3.28%. The companys dividend has also increased by 7.3%. Moreover, the companys payout ratio is currently at 56%.Moreover, Coca Cola has a long-term debt-equity ratio of 0.20 while the current debt-equity ratio is 1.3So, in terms of financial conditions, Coca Cola is financial ly healthy demonstrating a fairly good dividend growth. The company has the highest profit margins in the food and beverage industry, diversified brands, a strong brand, extreme international exposure, and a solid growth. The companys price-earning ratio is also playing a little above 18, which is not bad.Further, the company has concrete revenue, earnings, and cash flow growth. The stock offers an above average dividend yield, and has been diligently increasing dividends over the past 48 years. This is the type of company that just works, period. You dont need billions of dollars in reinvested research and development to sell more Coke, and the products dont get replaced overnight.The Return Driven Strategic FrameworkThe Return Strategy Model is based on three dimensions of performance namely superior and sustainable return on investment, growth while maintaining superior return on investment, and superior total shareholder return. The model serves as the fundamental principle of business strategies. It is the result of combining extensive research and real world applications of great corporate performances over ten years or more. The strategy examines the commonalities in business strategies that have resulted to superior performance.Using the Return Driven Strategic framework in evaluating Coca Colas performance, the following points are highlighted so as to show that the company has indeed demonstrated superior performance. First, the company continuously innovate its offerings to better satisfy the needs of its customers, in which innovate is defined as changing the companys product to better satisfy the needs of the targeted consumers. This is done through re-examination of their offerings, modification of the existing ones and development of new products that are perceived to better satisfy the unmet needs of the customers. Coca Cola continuously change its offerings since the company believes that by doing so, they are creating more value for the cust omers with the anticipated superior return on investment from the innovation. The value is of creating an intellectual and emotional connection between the consumers and the companys offerings.Another driving factor for Coca Colas superior performance is its strong commitment to and discipline for making shareholder value by focusing on return on invested capital. The company maintains goals, incentives and performance measures that are definitely in line with a sustainable return on investment. The Coca-Cola has been profiled as a company that has used Economic Value Added to create shareholder value. In fact, Cokes value-creating business strategies have increased shareholder value. Moreover, Coca Cola have accomplished superior returns as well as growth without violating any ethical parameters of the community where its businesses are operating.CONCLUSIONIn todays global, intensively interconnected business environment, a major challenge faced by business organizations is how to maximize shareholder value and sustain growth, while at the corresponding time creating economic value for all.For the leading Coca Cola Company the attainment of superior performance is a tough endeavor and it requires combinations of strategies. The remarkable strategy of Coca Cola is its innovation strategy that enables the almost 100 year old business excels and grows despite tough market pressures.

How To Prevent Juvenile Delinquency Criminology Essay

How To Prevent Juvenile offense Criminology EssayThere is a saying that history often repeats itself. If this is a true saying, and then society pull up stakes work to deal with the complex issue of adolescents overdues, who may eventually go bountiful lamentables, as societies in time past dealt with the corresponding conflict. Moreover, if this saying is true then the community in which fresh delinquencies exist must have the tools necessary to divert the youth from crime. If one is to convert delinquent youths behavior, they fatality to be able to variegate the justice system in order to prevent teenaged delinquent recidivisms. Further more, understanding the cause of juvenile evil is an important key in its prevention. In order to understand the cause of juvenile depravity, the history of the juvenile justice and varies approach to prevent it look at to be examined.The history of the juvenile justice in the United States began during the colonial period. Before it inception the family was the main origin of social control of the youth (Bartollas Miller, 2008, p.5). However, In the 1800s, the allege seeing growth of developing cites and the effect it was having on the young population, they felt the need to develop a system to control the youth (Bartollas Miller, 2008, p.6).Therefore, the Juvenile judge system was unquestionable by the giving medication because of the changing demographics in cities. As a result, the presidential term was now actively practicing the concept of p bens patriae thru the court. Moreover, the juvenile justice re former(prenominal)s seek to make a change to the objectives of the juvenile justice system, including the rights of youth. In earlier years, child offenders above the age of seven were treated and incarc date of referenceted like adult offenders (Bartollas Miller, 2008, p.5). The intervention of youths had created distaste among the reformers towards jail terms for juveniles they desired a syste m to be more compliance with the due process of law. Furthermore, the reformer was seeking to convert from what they maxim as inhumane treatment of the juvenile therefore, facility such as the house of refuge was started.The earliest Reformatory Refuge was built in 1825 and was called the untried York Hoses of Refuge (Bartollas Miller, 2008, p.9). It was not until 1890s when the Progressive Era commenced in the US that individual states started setting up rehabilitating centers (Bartollas Miller, 2008, p.10). There was a feeling during the progressive era stating that the justice system should take the responsibility to recover the lives of young offenders before they were absorbed into criminal activities. The pargonnting responsibility was been exerted by states to give juveniles an opportunity to return to their former condition.By 1967, most of the cases of juvenile delinquency were tried in juvenile courts. This meant Persons under the age of 18 were tried in juvenile court s. This was due to the ruling by the Supreme Court that it was necessary for the juvenile courts to use the due process of law. The approach after the decision was to encourage the states to develop plans that would discourage juvenile delinquency.In this context the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control personation 1968 were passed. The Act was later strengthen by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. In this effort, the (OJJDP) established The Runaway Youth Program and The National Institute for Juvenile justice and Delinquency Prevention. The Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act 1968 law was later replaced by The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act 1974. However, the movement received a setback when there was an increase in juvenile crimes during 1980s and 1990s.The first stakeholder is the youth that commits crime. He has all the rights that are promised to adults under the constitution. It is necessary to understand that legal ly a youth should have more rights than an adult has. The same justice system coffin nailnot be used for youths. Other stakeholders are the parents. The parents have the primary responsibility for ensuring that their wards do not commit crimes. The government whether state, federal, or local, are also stakeholders, which have the dual responsibility of protecting the community as well as rehabilitating the juvenile.The Finally stakeholders is the community. The community interest in fighting juveniles recidivism is beneficial to the safe of the community. Therefore, community safety is an understandable reason to start community-based program. Moreover, studies have shown that many community -based correctional programs reduce recidivism and are little expensive than confinement (Bartollas Miller, 2008, p.210). Communities felt that strong action is was necessary to prevent juvenile offenders as a deterrent. Some advocates believed childhood intervention programs were having an i mpact on future juvenile delinquency and criminality rates (Zigler, Edward, Taussig. 1992)(3.A complete description of issue addressed.)The issues involved juvenile delinquency includes juvenile placement in criminal procedure. The issue deal the treated of juvenile who commit crimes like adults. The problem is whether the crime juvenile commit dictate that they should the type punishment as their adult counterpart. The courts often are face with the decision when a juvenile commit what is opposite(a) wise considered an adult crime (Bartollas Miller, 2008, p. 155).Another issue of juvenile delinquency is the severity of the offense the juvenile commit. Status offenses are behavior committed by juvenile that they ignore be arrested. Such as hooky, drinking, runaways, and general ungovernability, how can these stop status offenses. This issue led to the question to what extent can the parents be held responsible for supervision of children? Moreover, if the parents cannot be main tain their children what are the local resources open at them? Other issues of discussion are the subject of juvenile drug use.Moreover, what is been done to eliminate this problem. On the other hand, the existence of after-school recreational activities or sport can reduce juvenile delinquency by a great extent. This type deterrent once again would require parents involvement. On the other hand, if peer pressure is applied by juvenile delinquency, the parent needs to be alert to such problems and must seek intervention early on to be more effective (Welsh Farrington, 2007, p. 871).(4 A detailed analysis of possible strategies and intervention designed to stop juvenile delinquency)Parental guidance and good inhabitancy life are the best overall approach to stop juvenile delinquency. However, in today modern society parents are not always fitting of providing the necessary guidance to their children. Therefore, there need to be other possible strategies and interventions designed to stop juvenile delinquency. In that context, there are strategies and interventions that have been developed to assist parents in the venture. First all offense regardless of the severity should be dealt with expeditiously. Furthermore, the parent should adopt the three point strategy of supervision, prevention of drugs and introduce activities to the children (Koffman, Ray,Berg,Covington,Albarran,Vasquez,et al. 2003).Maury Nation and other devised programs to disseminate effective prevention strategies. Their programs took information from other programs to develop a better program. In their research, they found that effective programs included teaching, controlling role model and informed planning and implementation of problem-specific prevention interventions programs (Nation,Crusto, Wandersman, Kumpfer,et al., 2003, pp. 449-456).3. If there is any doubt an advocacy group should be contacted at the earliest(5. A comprehensive list and weighing of alternatives, both pro and co ns, to the stop juvenile delinquency.)The alternative that Every minor offense including truancy should be treated cursorily and securely by the parents and school attendance should be given the greatest importance has the pro that juvenile delinquency can be stopped at the incipient stage and school can play an important part in preventing juvenile delinquency. The con is that often parents are not aware of truancy and come to know of it when it is too late.The alternative that parents should use the three-point strategy of supervision, prevention of drugs and introduce activities to the children had the pro that its implementation can surely stop juvenile delinquency. In addition, it is a multi-pronged strategy, which has worked well. Furthermore, it houses to the holistic development of children. The first cons are that parents that hold jobs which make it difficult to supervise and therefore, cannot implement this strategy. The second con is the fact that parents who need pre p is required to implement this strategy.The alternative of If there is any doubt an advocacy group should be contacted at the earliest has the pro that advocacy group can provide expert guidance to the parents. Further, the advocacy group can devise strategies for particular youth. The con is that in most cases the advocacy group is contacted after serious crimes are committed or the case becomes difficult. For instance, advocacy groups are contacted after the child is addicted to drugs.(6. a prediction for how juveniles justice prevention and intervention strategies go out be handled over at least the next two decades)Over the next two decades education and community involvement should be major strategies in order to help prevent juvenile delinquency. In the arena of education if a child is exposing to education at an earlier age and given a robust foundation in learning, the youth have a chance to endure. For example, if organizations such as the PTA will take a proactive role i n the intervention of trouble kids at a young age this will be helpful. This is a venue where the parents and educator both are able to contribute to the child development.In addition, future prevention and intervention in the juvenile justice will depend on those actually involved in the juvenile justice system. If probation officers and youth detention centers do not take an actually role in future intervention of juvenile delinquency any other strategies will not be successful. Probation and correction will need to look for ways to encourage the juvenile to gravel alternative means of using their energy. Furthermore, the government will have to provide more funds to the juvenile justice system. With more funds, the juvenile justice system will be able to find qualified employees.In addition, the juvenile justice system, especially the correctional agencies, must provide guidelines to help the juveniles develop. When juvenile are committed to juvenile detention the centralize ne eds to be centered on educational development and alternative activity instead of the gang activity. The detention center of the future will need to be more conductive to a juvenile community surrounding. For example, detention center should offer schools, medical clinics, and recreation facilities so that youth will not have cultural shock. Technology should play an important role in probation as an alternative to detention as well. Monitoring devices such as GPS ankle joint bracelet should be use more in the future.However, the finally part of the equation in intervention is the youth. If all the fore mention action are taken, and the youth fail to participate the process will be voided. Therefore, the primary contact of the youth, the family will need to undergo training when a problem arises. Parents are sometime overwhelmed with parenting duties and working at the same time and need to learn how to manage their time to be more effective. Some parents do not have the necessary parenting skills to raise their children therefore, parenting classes should be available to assist them.In conclusion, society will have to deal with the complex burden of juveniles delinquent, who may eventually become adult criminals. Moreover, the community in which juvenile delinquencies exist must have the tool necessary to divert the youth from crime. In order to change delinquent the juvenile need the juvenile justice system itself need to change policy and procedure to prevent juvenile delinquent recidivisms. Furthermore, an honest effort need to be made to understanding the cause of juvenile delinquency is an important key in its prevention. The families, communities and the government must be willing to work together for the greater good of the juvenile. Therefore, understanding the cause of juvenile delinquency and the history of the juvenile justice will be an important part of the success of preventing juvenile delinquency. When studying the history of the juvenile ju stice in the United States, need to be focus on the core issue of delinquency, the juvenile.Speaking from a in the flesh(predicate) point of view, I believe rehabilitation instead of confinement is the best form of correction. However, I do realizes that not all juvenile offend will conform to the rule set forward by the courts and probation agencies. Therefore, when the juvenile are place in detention centers they should be afforded the service to help them prevent a life of crime.

Geographic Impacts on Health | Reflection

Geographic Impacts on Health ReflectionHave you ever heard the phrase by Marg art Mead, You argon unique just equal e genuinelyone else? I turn over everybody is unique but similar in their own port. It is because of this that I consider our perception of wellness, regardless if it is in the planning, implementation, and evaluation stage, varies tremendously quiet down remains the same in mevery ways. Our nonion of health strongly depends on so many factors such as demography, ethnicity, religion, tradition, and values.Demographic distribution of populations has a very big impact on health with regards to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of health preventatives because the bigger the population in a certain ara, the bigger the intervention. For example, a townspeople of 1,000 people will require less planning, executing the plan will be drastic aloney easier, and evaluating the success of the intervention can be done smoothly comp atomic number 18d to a city of 100,000 people. Also, certain areas tend to pull in a higher prevalence of certain diseases. By studying this, health interventions can be adapt to target certain health concerns or complaintes from certain areas.Political values of a certain country can affect the different stages of health intervention because most health related projects, these days, ask the approval of the government. Depending on the government, some proposed health projects can take years to fruition while others might not take that long. Furthermore, if the politics of a country is shady, the chances of a proposed health project to be approved or implemented is slim to none.Religion can be one of the hardest things to deal with when it comes to the stages of healthcare intervention. As a nurse, I amaze experienced first-hand the impact of religion has on certain medical treatment. There are some religious beliefs that are not too hard to handle but there some religious beliefs that can take it to the ex tremes. One of the hardest things I have ever been through was when my beliefs and values contradicts a patients religious beliefs especi ally when it involves life and death.Ethnicity also plays an important role in determine the proper intervention. It is a known fact that there are certain illnesses that affect certain ethnic groups. For example, the rate of dementia on admission to care for homes is higher among black residents than among white residents.1 Weintraub D, et al. (2000). Even though dementia does not have a cure, people can tailor their healthcare interventions to fit the needs of different ethnic groups. that this is only the tip of an iceberg. There are many diseases and illnesses associated with ethnicity. By knowing such data, people can go protrude of their way to limit a certain disease or illness thereby, hopefully, preventing the disease or illness from ever happening.Having been lucky to travel to different countries, I can say that human values really does have an impact on health interventions. One very big example is how Filipinos value the elderly. I am not insinuating that other countries do not value their elderly or Filipinos are better at valuing their elderly. I am just implying that we have a different way of taking care of our elderly. Filipinos seem to get a sense of fulfilment when taking care of their parents. I believe in taking care of my parents when they get old because they took care of me when I was young. I will send them to a rest home not because there are not any rest homes in the Philippines, but because I want to keep them close and connected they are and will always be a part of the family.Since my beliefs and values have been instilled in me and because I have seen how my parents took care of their parents, it has now become sort of a tradition in which I and my friend Filipinos take pride of. This is one way on how tradition impacts healthcare intervention. But there are also other ways. In many coun tries, especially in remote areas, traditionalistic medicine is still being behaved and people in these areas believe this is the only form of medicine out there. A strong push for knowledge would be the proper intervention here.Having mentioned all these, it is safe to say that determinants either have a direct or verifying impact on health interventions. Also, some determinants can either be a deterrent or an opportunity. By deterrent, I mean those rare ones where health interventions cant be implemented because certain beliefs will not permit such mediation. However, determinants can also be an opportunity to come up with a better plan, a more effective implementation, and a more efficient evaluation system of a healthcare intervention.According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Attitude is the way you think slightly soul or something. Since we are all unique in our own way, it is safe to say that we also have different attitudes towards someone or something. You may like t he Miami Heat while I like the San Antonio Spurs. Having this in mind, it would not be a long shot to conclude that our individualist attitude towards health can have a great impact, directly or indirectly, towards planning, implementation, and evaluation of healthcare interventions.The usuals concept of health and illness is different no matter where you go. The World Health Organization defines health as physical, mental and social wellbeing and not me bank the absence of disease or infirmity.2 These days, we are more united in trusting medicine and interrogation than resorting to traditional medicine. But, that does not mean traditional medicine did not have the same attitude towards health and illness. Traditional medicine practice (TMP) within autochthonic Australia encompasses a holistic worldview which reflects that of the World Health Organizations definition of health3 Oliver, Stefanie. (2013).However, the practice of traditional medicine is slowly becoming a lost trade primarily due to colonisation, medical advancement, research enhancement, and technological improvement. Nowadays, most of us rely on science rather than traditional medicine. Have you ever wondered what brought about the advent of medical advancement? Funny as this may sound, most drugs now are of herbal descent and it is very important to recognize the value traditional medicine had on todays medicine.There are still places where traditional medicine is still accepted and is still being practiced. Even in a small country like the Philippines, indigenous areas still believe that illness is caused by voodoo magic and that a witch doctor and his/her methods serve as the cure for such illness. In Korea, roots of certain plants are mixed in a drink and is believed to improve and restore homeostasis. Acupuncture is a method of needle insertion at various points of the skin to cook circulation and improve overall balance. This is believed to originate from China.How health is accepted and practiced in an area will depend on how the public values the immensity of health. With all the different diseases out there, I believe that most countries consider health as a big priority and it is very explicit from all the research being done to find a cure for certain diseases such as cancer, diabetes, HIV, and many more. It is not only through research that indicates how much importance the public considers health. Diet programs, exercise programs, and even better TV shows are being shared and broadcasted in hopes to help gain and inspire a healthier wellbeing.The publics attitude towards health and medical professionals is essential to healthcare interventions because if people were not concerned about their own health, they would not seek the attend to of doctors, traditional healers, or medical professionals. If they do not need help from medical professionals then there would not be a need for any planning, implementation, and evaluation. However, most people val ue their lives. They, generally, value their own health and fear what could happen if they do not take care of themselves. That is why people are slowly learning to consult dieticians to help them eat healthier. People are seeking the aid from trainers to get them into shape. People are even considering the use of traditional medicine and traditional methods (e.g. acupuncture) to do whatever it takes to be healthier.In my own opinion, especially here in New Zealand, the public is very concern about their health and also their environment. They are starting to open up to a more organic way of being healthy. These days, people are slowly waiver green and this is why they are exploring different alternatives to common medicine all for the sake of being healthy. I believe the media plays a vital role for the immergence of the expiration green lifestyle that people all over the world are slowly following suit. The publics attitude towards health, illness, and medical professionals is v ery important. Without the publics support, nothing will get done.The first thing that comes to mind when people mention New Zealand is the natural beauty this country possesses. New Zealand is environ by beautiful coastlines waiting to be discovered and crystal clear pristine waters to be explored. Aside from the coastline, New Zealand boasts of majestic snow-capped peaks and breath-taking waterfalls. We all got to see a glimpse of its immense beauty through the Lord of the Rings movie series and the Hobbit movie series.But the beauty of New Zealand is not only evident looking form the outside-in but also from the inside-out. Here, beauty runs skin deep. New Zealand is a melting pot of multiple cultures ranging from Maori, European, Pacific Island and Asian descent all of which are very proud of their ancestry. With all these different cultures, it is hard to imagine how people get along. However, people just make it be given here. They respect each others variances. This, for m e, is what makes New Zealand unique and special.This kind of respect towards one another is generated from New Zealands founding document The agreement of Waitangi. This treaty simply implies that Maori people have the same rights as British people. This attitude and way of thinking has been instilled on every resident that it has robbed off on other settlers. So people accept each other equally. More so, people are learning to adapt to eachs culture. This is even evident when it comes to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of healthcare interventions.For example, the Maoris cultural influence has been socially accepted that the whole nation is working together to maintain and preserve such a culture. It is a fact that Maoris generally have an obesity problem, which is a potential for diabetes, so the whole community is working hand in hand to support means to aid the Maoris in tackling this problem. Health leaders are assisting whanau to come up with ways to address suc h an issues through proper education, training, and other means. But the community is not only helping the Maoris because the Maoris are also helping the community by educating them on their ways of traditional medicine.Since New Zealand is a very diverse country, all cultures are being treated the same way. More and more acupuncture facilities are popping up all over major(ip) cities. People are learning different herbal remedies from Asia to treat numerous ailments. Yoga, which originated from India, is just as popular here. People are learning how to eat healthier and exercise regularly like most Asian countries do. The influence is great and the impact is clear. It is up to us to absorb all these new cultural insights and fill a healthier lifestyle.1 Weintraub D, Raskin A, Ruskin PE, Gruber-Baldini AL, Zimmerman SI, Hebel JR, et al. Racial differences in the prevalence of dementia among patients admitted to nursing homes.Psychiatric Services.20005112591264.2 World Health Organi zationDeclaration of Alma-Ata. Alma-Ata USSR 1978. Proceedings of the International Conference on Primary Health Care 612 September3 Oliver, Stefanie. (2013). The role of traditional medicine practice in primary health care within Aboriginal Australia a review of the literature. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2013, 946. doi 10.1186/1746-4269-9-46

Truth Essay -- English Literature Essays

TruthThe question of right and wrong has been battled over for centuries. Many conservatives still call back that truth is absolute, while others disagree, saying that truth is relative. I believe that truth is an individuals perception of beliefs and decisions. For that reason, truth differentiates among individuals thorough their contrasting opinions. But, truth is something that everyone believes to be correct. Thus, it greatly depends on whats true in the minds of the people. On the contrary, truth thats spoken with bad intent is considered to be worse than a lie. Hence, truth is an expression, symbol or statement that corresponds to reality and happiness. Truth is henpecked by ones infixed thoughts and beliefs. It is a pattern thats created by man, and therefore can never have any absolutes. And if a concept such as the truth has no absolutes, it becomes subjective based upon your perceptions of it. However, an individuals experiences, thoughts and beliefs shape their percept ion of truth. Truth is timeless, abstract and unchanging ideals based on the individual. All truth is subjected to an individuals opinion. It is based on persons perspective on society and developed by their past experiences.Similarly, subjective truth deals with what is in the persons mind. Also could mean the opinion of a person of certain objects. A subjective truth is an idea which may be master(prenominal) to me but not to you. For example, I decide that killing, under any circums...

The Healing Power of Reiki Essay -- Religion, Spirituality

Reiki is a Japan based healing secret that is rapidly recognized worldwide. In early on 1900s, Mikao Usui discovered the surreptitious of reiki while he was isolating him egotism at Mount Kurama in Japan. Afterwards, the healing art of reiki has been scattered over the world as the reiki practicians argon escalating abruptly. In fact, numerous cultures all over the world believe that there are concealed energy flows through all creatures that are connected to the caliber of life ever since ancient times. Reiki utilizes specific technique for rejuvenating and balancing the natural life force energy within the body. Reiki symbols have specific frequency that set apart certain condition to sanction the flow of energy throughout the body. The colour and shape of each symbol signify the frequency and amplitude of the energy. The healing situation of reiki can be verified by the existence of first degree of reiki and second degree of reiki as well as enhancing the results of medical th erapy.In the beginning, the Reiki practitioner must learn and master the first degree of Reiki or the first stage of Reiki. First degree of Reiki enables poise energy for healing ones self, others, plants and animal. According to Jentoft (2000), first degree Reiki is activated by the intention that is you intend or spiritually command it to run. This has become feasible after the practitioner receives reiju as well known as denju or instigation. In other words, reiju is the part where the practitioner is assisted to the Reiki energy. The practitioner will be taught various hand positions and methods for administering Reiki on the self and others. These hand positions and methods are crucial in order for the practitioners to heal themselves and others. Barrett (n.d... ...energy. We hope this kind of medication will develope more and be well-known to others as a trusted kind of therapy to heal and augment our physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual components.Works CitedBarrett, S.(n.d). Reiki Is Nonsense. Retrieved 2011, December 8 from http//www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/reiki.html.Cougar, P.(n.d). The Usui System of natural healing. Retrieved 2011, December 8 from http//www.dpierce.com/pat/.Herron, D.(n.d). The Reiki Attunement process. Retrieved 2011, December 8 from http//reiki.7gen.com.International Center for Reiki Training Web site, (n.d). Experiencing Reiki. Retrieved 2011, December 8 from http//www.reiki.org/. Jentoft, P.L.(2000). Usui Reiki contemporary and traditional methods level one manual. Retrieved 2011, December 8 from http//pjentoft.com/Reikione-manual.html.