Bureau Of Justice Statistics The United States Primary...

Capital Punishment. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). U.S. Department of Justice. 25 Nov. 2014. Web. Web. 25 Nov. 2014. Bureau of Justice Statistics is the United States primary source for criminal justice statistics. The website has published information on crime, criminal offenders, victims of crime, and the operation of justice systems at all levels of government. According to Bureau of Justice Statistics, â€Å"The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) is a component of the Office of Justice Programs in the U.S. Department of Justice.† The data on the website are official and are critical to federal, state, and local policymakers in combating crime and ensuring that justice is both efficient and evenhanded. The website†¦show more content†¦However, this is published in 2009, which may be out of date. Death Penalty Information Center. DPIC. N.p., 26 Nov. 2014. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. The Death Penalty Information Center is a national non-profit organization serving the public with analysis and information on issues concerning capital punishment. The site contains in-depth reports on the death penalty, fact sheet, execution database as well as the latest statistics. The website also has reports on various issues and news related to the death penalty. According to the DPIC, in their website, â€Å"[DPIC’s] reports and press releases are widely quoted and consulted by reporters in the United States and around the globe.† DPIC’s information are credible enough for some of the most notable media such as the BBC and CNN to cover it. The website has been constantly revised, therefore it is most likely to be up to date. Van Den Haag, Ernest. The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense. 2014. Social and Personal Ethics. Ed. William H. Shaw. 8th Ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, 2014. 307-22. Print. Ernest van den Haag, a long-time defender of capital punishment, answers various criticisms of the death penalty. Van den Haag, in his essay, state that â€Å"Threats and punishments are necessary to deter and deterrence is a sufficient practical justification for [capital punishment]† (318). Van den Hang believes in the deterrent effect of the death penalty, and argue that retribution is

Perceptions of B2B Electronic Market in Hong Kong Assignment

Essays on Perceptions of B2B Electronic Market in Hong Kong Assignment The paper â€Å"Perceptions of B2B Electronic Market in Hong Kong" is a  telling example of an assignment on e-commerce. The strategies developed will be able to help the e-market operators to thus enhance the necessities of achieving and also sustaining new levels of strategic performance and competitive positions in the changing B2B electronic market place in the Chinese republic. B2B market model is applied for the purpose of providing guidelines for the managers in order for them to provide effective services and business strategies, value creation activities, and business activities for electronic e-markets in Hong Kong. The evolving aspect of investing in B2b in the republic of china has thus defined a great challenge field for conducting research within e-commerce. The evolving aspect of investing in B2b in the republic of china has thus defined a great challenge field for conducting research within e-commerce. In order to facilitate the developments the value of approach c reation of the B2B e-market has been chosen to describe and further analyze the perceptions of the B2B electronic market in Hong Kong. The evolving aspect of investing in B2b in the republic of china has thus defined a great challenge field for conducting research within e-commerce. Malone, Yets, et al, suggests that the values of e-markets are the brokerage electronic effects that in contrast as compared to electronic integration affect the electronic hierarchies. As the e-marketplaces provide huge benefits too, there are many considerable interests within the business community. The failure of some marketplaces and the success of others have led the business managers interested in which marketplaces will be successful in the future. In terms of the efforts, money and time that is spent e-marketing through the internet is thus a more efficient channel for transmitting the information as compared with traditional counterparts. There need for intervention between the IT firms and the government for the purpose of providing the required services and support to the e-markets. Economic of scale and the effects of the network have also contributed to the growth of e-markets in the electronic business for Hong Kong, whereby the existence of e-markets has created traditional cost-based and supply-side economies of scale. The additional increment participant in the e-market sector has brought a side effect economy of scale wherein the existence of every participant forms a critical mass that makes the key attraction for more users in the e-market (Zhao and Yu, 1999).   The joining together of a significant number of the sellers and buyers has provided demand-side economies of scale together with network effects.

Pharmaceutical Innovation Trends and Drivers

Question: Discuss about the Pharmaceutical Innovation for Trends and Drivers. Answer: Introduction The report describes exploring different market opportunities in order to formulate a country-product opportunity brief. The chosen country is United States. Opportunities in the global market of the United States of America are determined in the report. The Australian pharmaceutical company chosen for the expansion of the business in the U.S market is Australian Pharmaceutical Industries (API). It is the recognized as the largest wholesale distributor of allied products and pharmaceutical products of Australia. The company is headquartered in New South Wales, Australia and is involved in pharmaceutical retailing, distribution and manufacturing. The company is exporting its pharmaceutical products in many countries of the world. However, API is now planning to export its product to U.S market. The pharmaceutical industry in Australia is very competitive in nature. The company has many subsidiaries such as Soul Pattinson Chemist, Priceline Pharmacy and Pharmacist Advise. The company d eals with retail services, wholesale product delivery, business advisory services and marketing services. The company started its business from a small cooperative and now it is considered as leading beauty and health companies of Australia. API is focusing on six values of authenticity, respect, growth, initiative, unity and excellence. The brands of API is very famous and is responsible for generating substantial revenue for the company. Currently API has 100 Soul Pattinson stores, 420 Priceline pharmacy stores, 750 club premium pharmacies and 72 pharmacist advice pharmacies. Situation Analysis Business environment Macro environment of Australian Pharmaceuticals Industry (API) includes PESTEL analysis of the pharmaceutical industry of United States. Political: Most of the transaction of the pharmaceutical industry is done in the United States of America. The purchasing power of government is very high that affects the industry. It results in controlling prices along with export and import of goods. Eighty percent of the total sales in the global market are from the United States of America (Brown et al., 2015). API will have huge opportunities in the flourishing market of America. Economic: The sales of the pharmaceutical industry contribute the GDP growth of the nation. It includes huge employment that decreases the rate of unemployment in the country. However, the economic downturn affects the sales of the industry. Approximately 46.6 million citizens in U.S do not buy any insurance. Hence, there is a chance of the pharmaceutical companies to earn less profit in low economic condition (Byrne et al., 2013). Social: Social factors include population growth, cultural change, health problem, etc. The social factors are responsible for the growth of sales and creation of demand in the market. Ageing of population means an increase in the demand for medicines. Technological: Technological innovation is very high in U.S. Hence, technological factors help in flourishing the pharmaceutical industry in U.S. companies are investing in their RD department (Stephenson et al., 2013). Environment: with the increase of pollution, people are affected more with many diseases. This is a negative sign of the growth of the industry. Manufacturing sites of the pharmaceutical products are responsible for the emission of different poisonous gases that affects humankind as a whole. Legal: The regulatory department consumer law, safety and health law, employment law, etc. have a different effect on the industry. Regulations of government can inhibit the patent of a certain company. Companies have to abide by the regulations of U.S. government, otherwise, penalties are set for them (David et al., 2015). The microenvironment of API includes customers, public, suppliers, competitors, marketing intermediaries, and employees. These factors are the internal factors of API. These factors are responsible for creating a different level of results for different companies. Customers of API include target customers of United States of America. Competitors of API in U.S market are Glaxo SmithKline, Pfizer, Johnson Johnson, Abbot Laboratories, Novartis, etc. Supplier relation is a vital aspect that affects the profitability of a company. Public of API include the customers of the target market (Toole, 2012). It is the responsibility of the company to serve quality products to the customers for maintaining goodwill in the market. Employees are the asset of an organization that is responsible for earning substantial revenue in the U.S market. Marketing intermediaries of API include different companies and business houses that are responsible for the promotion of the company. Market analysis The pharmaceutical industry of United States is considered as the highest growing sectors of the nation. It is one most vital market of the world as it contributes a greater percentage of the economy of United States. The country alone holds approximately forty percent of the global market of the pharmaceutical industry. In the year of 2014, the market share of the sector is valued $ 365 million approx. the estimated value of the market in the year of 2020 is estimated to $548.4 billion. However, in the year of 2014, it was $395.2 billion (Guler Nerkar, 2012). The government of United States supports the pharmaceutical industry. The government in the country for improved research and development supports companies. Not only the Federal government of United States has controlling power, but also by the Food and Drug Administration controlled the market. There are many drugs and the U.S department of FDA in the market approves medicines. There are many new initiatives are taken both b y the government of the United States and FDA for the formulation of transparent regulation of the companies of the sector. The regulatory system is competent enough to identify different pharmaceutical products. Apart from that, there are other regulatory bodies that control the actions of the pharmaceuticals companies of United States of America (Freifeld et al., 2014). The Australian company will get favor in many areas while in some areas it can face some problems while trading in the United States. The global market for the pharmaceutical industry is very innovative in nature. The players of the sector are focused on gaining a major share of the market by its improved research and development of its different drugs, and other pharmaceutical generic products as per the needs of the consumers. Competitive analysis It is already mentioned earlier that the growth of the market is very high. Most of the world famous companies are headquartered in the United States. It is due to the improved version of research and development procedure, the market players are adopting due to the effort of the government. Competitors of Australian Pharmaceutical Industries in America include Glaxo SmithKline, Pfizer, Abbot, Glenmark, Novartis, Merck Co, Johnson Johnson (Gibson, 2016). The largest companies of the industries generated approximately $75 billion of annual revenue in the year of 2014. The companies are very active in selling products of consumer segments and diagnostics and medical devices. As per the volume of the sales, Pfizer is considered as the largest pharmaceutical company in the United States of America. However, when these companies operate in other countries then they usually merge with other companies to enter the market (Comanor Scherer, 2013). In terms of medical development and resear ch, United States is always achieved in the topmost position in the world in this sector. The industry acts as a booster for its growth not only in the country but also outside the nation. For the purpose of research and development, the pharmaceutical companies of United States spend approximately 50 billion dollars annually. Day by day the cost of manufacturing drug is increasing which is the reason of increased investment in the production of drugs. Apart from that, if the individual investment is considered, then it also counts a lot for a single company. Top companies are focusing on differentiation in the quality of the drugs they are serving to the market (Sams-Dodd, 2013). The patent is very important in this industry that consists of different steps of approval and a huge investment for the manufacture of a single drug. Organization analysis As it is mentioned earlier that Australian Pharmaceutical Industries (API) is a well-reputed company in Australia. It is one of the fastest growing retailers in the sector of health and beauty sector in the country. It has gained much reputation from the Aussies in terms of its products from various segments. It has its business operations all over Australia through franchise stores. It is an advantage for the company. The company has its good control over its franchise stores across the nation (DiMasi et al., 2016). It can be used as a popular entry mode while entering the U.S pharmaceutical market. However, the company is into selling services on retail, business advisory and marketing programs. Apart from the franchise operations, Australian Pharmaceutical Industries (API) also owns its company-owned stores. There are many subsidiaries of the company such as Pharmacists Advise, Priceline Pharmacy, Soul Pattinson and Priceline. These are the strong aspects of the company against it s competitors in Australia. However, the company is successful in maintaining its strong brand image in the market. The company is famous for its formulation of the strategy of globalization in the market (elik, 2016). It is very critical to know about the consumer trends about the customers of the United States. The nature, taste, preference, and decision-making process of the customers of United States of America are different from that of residents of Australia. Extensive market research should be conducted in the American market for collecting various information related to market analysis (Moses et al., 2015). The organizational analysis is incomplete without competitor analysis. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis of the company is based on the different aspects of the situational analysis described above. It will help the company to mitigate different external risks of internalization of the business operations in U.S. market. Strengths: Australian Pharmaceutical Industries has a strong brand reputation in Australia. It is the largest wholesale pharmaceutical company in Australia. Apart from strong brand image, the company is focused on its marketing activities that help in maintaining a global image in its international countries. The core aspect of the company is to provide value to its customers. The company has its strong distribution channel across different regions of Australia (Csermely et al., 2013). Weakness: Australian Pharmaceutical Industries (API) has its strong presence only in different parts of Australia only. The strong distribution is not so much dominant outside Australia. The health and beauty products are popular in the Australian region compared to other regions outside Australia. Opportunity: Opportunity for API in U.S pharmaceutical market is very high. U.S pharmaceutical market is a booming market. On exporting the manufactured goods of API into U.S market, the company will be able to earn to huge amount of profit from the target market. The research and development of the pharmaceutical company should be strong enough so that they can compete with the existing pharmaceutical giants of United States of America. There are many products of the company that the company is famous for will be well flourished in the U.S market (Gassmann et al., 2013). Threats: Stiff competition in the generic and other types of drugs are there in the Australian as well as U.S market. Many companies are capturing the leading position in the market. They have a strong brand in the U.S market. Consumers trust old and reputed brands of health and beauty brands. Exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency, as well as impose of government regulations, can affect the profitability of the company in the foreign market (Khanna, 2012). Conclusion The report contains various types of situation analysis as well as competitor analysis of Australian Pharmaceutical Industries (API) in the United States of America. The company has too many risks and difficulties while expanding its reach in the U.S pharmaceutical market. API has to overcome the risks of internalization by adopting the strategies of internalization in the U.S market. The company has to abide by the rules and regulations of the government of United States to maintain a smooth flow of the export of its products in the United States. However, API can focus on its RD department to match the needs and demands of the U.S market. Apart from that, to increase the flow of export of trade, extensive market research is required to be conducted by the pharmaceutical company. Strategies are to be formulated for different branches of operations to cope up with the issues and problems that may arise in future business operations in the target country. Australian Pharmaceutical Ind ustries by formulating strategies based on the above situational and SWOT analysis will successfully control its international expansion in U.S market. However, it can also focus on the trends of the consumer of United States in order to export its products. References Brown, S. R., Evans, D. V., Fugh-Berman, A. (2015). Pharmaceutical industry interactions in family medicine residencies decreased between 2008 and 2013: a CERA study.Family medicine,47(4), 279-282. Byrne, E. M., Gehrman, P. R., Medland, S. E., Nyholt, D. R., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A., Martin, N. G. (2013). A genome wide association study of sleep habits and insomnia.American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics,162(5), 439-451. elik, M. (Ed.). (2016).Pharmaceutical powder compaction technology. CRC Press. Comanor, W. S., Scherer, F. M. (2013). Mergers and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry.Journal of health economics,32(1), 106-113. Csermely, P., Korcsmros, T., Kiss, H. J., London, G., Nussinov, R. (2013). Structure and dynamics of molecular networks: a novel paradigm of drug discovery: a comprehensive review.Pharmacology therapeutics,138(3), 333-408. David, B., Wolfender, J. L., Dias, D. A. (2015). The pharmaceutical industry and natural products: historical status and new trends.Phytochemistry Reviews,14(2), 299-315. DiMasi, J. A., Grabowski, H. G., Hansen, R. W. (2016). Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: new estimates of RD costs.Journal of health economics,47, 20-33. Freifeld, C. C., Brownstein, J. S., Menone, C. M., Bao, W., Filice, R., Kass-Hout, T., Dasgupta, N. (2014). Digital drug safety surveillance: monitoring pharmaceutical products in twitter.Drug safety,37(5), 343-350. Gassmann, O., Reepmeyer, G., von Zedtwitz, M. (2013).Leading pharmaceutical innovation: Trends and drivers for growth in the pharmaceutical industry. Springer Science Business Media. Gibson, M. (Ed.). (2016).Pharmaceutical preformulation and formulation: a practical guide from candidate drug selection to commercial dosage form. CRC Press. Guler, I., Nerkar, A. (2012). The impact of global and local cohesion on innovation in the pharmaceutical industry.Strategic Management Journal,33(5), 535-549. Khanna, I. (2012). Drug discovery in pharmaceutical industry: productivity challenges and trends.Drug discovery today,17(19), 1088-1102. Moses, H., Matheson, D. H., Cairns-Smith, S., George, B. P., Palisch, C., Dorsey, E. R. (2015). The anatomy of medical research: US and international comparisons.Jama,313(2), 174-189. Sams-Dodd, F. (2013). Is poor research the cause of the declining productivity of the pharmaceutical industry? An industry in need of a paradigm shift.Drug discovery today,18(5), 211-217. Stephenson, C. P., Karanges, E., McGregor, I. S. (2013). Trends in the utilisation of psychotropic medications in Australia from 2000 to 2011.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,47(1), 74-87. Toole, A. A. (2012). The impact of public basic research on industrial innovation: Evidence from the pharmaceutical industry.Research Policy,41(1), 1-12.

Cloning How Far Will It Go free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Cloning: How far will it travel? Everyday people find themselves at a hamlets that requires a determination as to which way to follow. In the past few old ages, scientists have gained cognition about cloning that could impact our lives for centuries to come. As a society we are at a hamlets and we will hold to make up ones mind how to utilize this cognition. Will we take to increase our power over nature or will we develop a partnership? There are many benefits of cloning, but do they outweigh the possibility of losing familial diverseness, confronting familial favoritism, and the chilling effects portrayed in scientific discipline fiction books like Brave New World and 1984, and films like Gattaca and Planet of the Apes. ? Cloning is the production of a genetically indistinguishable extra of an being? ( Hawley 1 ) . In a sense, many workss, algae, unicellular beings, and even worlds of course produce indistinguishable progeny. For illustration, the blowball reproduces asexually to make a transcript of itself. As a species it has reached a tableland and can no longer advancement. Within the human species, indistinguishable twins are basically ringers. The division of the embryo produces two embryos with the exact same familial information. The effect of a species merely bring forthing asexually is the loss of familial diverseness, which can hold inauspicious effects on a species. There is a grey country between the benefits and the jobs of cloning. Some people may state that anything that improves the lives of worlds is a benefit, but I disagree. Human cloning demands to be restricted. If taken to the extreme, human cloning could be black to mankind. First of all, nonsexual reproduction creates a population with the same familial information which eliminates familial diverseness. Without diverseness, one disease could pass over out the whole population because no individual would be able to contend a disease any better than anyone else. In Brave New World, the writer writes about? doing 96 human existences turn where merely one grew before. ? Can you conceive of that many people walking around that look precisely like you? It is true that people today have lost some sense of individualism because of peoples? desires to accomplish society? s ideal image, but cloning would farther deter individuality. Both our biological and societal constructions could be in h azard if we allow cloning to acquire out of control. On the other manus, cloning can be good without holding to step in in the natural reproduction of worlds. The possible benefits of cloning include bettering farm animal for ingestion by worlds, bring arounding diseases, and bring forthing cells and variety meats that are compatible with a transplant patient. Cloning could drastically better the agricultural industry. Familial information of farm animal has already been altered so the farm animal produce biological proteins that help people with diseases like diabetes and Parkinson? s. Besides, it would be fantastic to bring around common diseases, but do we understand the impact of bring arounding diseases? Our population would skyrocket and new diseases would likely develop from mutants. Although, I know if I had malignant neoplastic disease or Alzheimer? s disease I would desire there to be a process to extinguish these diseases from my cistrons. Theoretically, utilizing cloning or more specifically, familial technology, to extingu ish diseases is similar to utilizing inoculations to forestall infantile paralysis, poulet syphilis, and rubeolas. This cognition could besides be used to develop? nervus cells for spinal cord hurts, skin cells for Burnss, and bone cells for osteoporosis? ( Meek ) . These cells are so used to replace the blemished cells. It is difficult to state where to pull the line on researching these techniques. As a society, we can? t dressed ore on salvaging the lives of a few people and bury to concern ourselves with the long term effects on the species as a whole. If we do, our hopes of bettering the our lives today may stop the lives of our posterities. There are many possibilities within the range of cloning, will we? play God? or be a spouse of nature? Now consider the possible jobs and ethical issues that could originate from cloning. Scientists are working to detect new techniques to better human life, but will these techniques be misused and who determines how they are used in the first topographic point? A normally discussed issue of cloning is if we are? playing God. ? The cognition of cloning allows us to step in with nature more than of all time thought possible. Alternatively of leting nature to work its rhythm of endurance of the fittest, worlds have chosen one time once more to rush the procedure along in hopes of making a better species of genetically enhanced worlds. First of wholly, people should non be allowed to take the sex of their babe. If we allow this to go a common process, so shortly parents will be bespeaking a certain tallness, weight, hair, and oculus colour, and doing certain the babe has no diseases. Journalist, Jennifer K. Nii, says, ? It may be through our best purposes that we create this brave new uni verse, but it may besides take to a universe where our kids become the ultimate shopping experience. ? It would be unfortunate to allow humanity be lost to the procedures associated with picking the right colour pigment or sofa for a room or the perfect auto to look cool in. These are material things, and nature and her procedures are corrupted by the thought of? manufactured goods. ? In Brave New World, cloning leads to a civilization with no sense of nature ; everything is developed on the production line. The civilization lacked regard for humanity because it treated worlds as machines whose parts could be put together in specified ways. It would be a sedate error to let society to utilize scientific discipline to accomplish its idealised image of flawlessness. Familial make-up will switch from the? unmanageable manus of destiny? to the determinations of parents woolgathering of a perfect kid ( Teich 311 ) . Other upseting processs could originate from cloning. For illustration, people might hold the ability to clone a deceasing household member or pet. This may decrease the compunction, but in actuality, the ringer will non be precisely like the original. The ringer has the same cistrons, but still may be a different tallness, weight, and have a different personality. Besides, the ringer would non be considered a different individual because the ringer would be make fulling the nothingness of the original individual. This is really immoral and scandalous to the human race. Human life would lose its costliness and go excessively manufactured and governable. Additionally, the thought of bring forthing a full homo ringer to supply variety meats and trim parts for the original individual has been mentioned. These processs change the significance of humanity. It shows a deficiency of regard for human life. Another effect of the cognition associated with the research of cloning is familial favoritism. From birth to decease personal familial information could hold profound effects on the lives of people. Would you like to cognize at birth that you have an 80 per centum opportunity of deceasing at age 30 of bosom disease? The ability to find a individual? s diseases would do it hard for a individual to have wellness insurance. For this ground, people could be rejected from occupations because the employer doesn? T want person with bosom disease or doesn? T want to pay the high insurance costs of an unhealthy individual. A new category construction would organize ; the morbid people and the healthy people. The thought of being predestined to a certain category is chilling because it eliminates geographic expedition, advancement, and chance. In Brave New World, the people non merely couldn? Ts decide their hereafter, but they couldn? T choose what they wanted to have on or who to be friends with. Bing predestined to a certain type of life is a world today, but alternatively of being classified by the socioeconomic group one is born into, scientific methods would find those who should win. Today, pigeonholing can be overcome, whereas something every bit absolute as an familial profile can non. The film Gattaca, reveals the possibility of cloning doing a division in society based upon the method of birth ; natural versus genetically cloned. The natural Born, Ethan Hawke, is considered weak and stupid. The minute he was conceived he was demarcated to a life as a janitor. On the other manus, his brother, whose cistrons were specifically chosen by his parents is destined for success. It would be unrighteous to extinguish the possibility of mounting to the top of society? s ladder by pinioning people to the lower category based on cistrons. Genes don? T tell the whole narrative because if they did so indistinguishable twins would hold the same personality, intelligence, and, of class, the same opportunity for success. It is obvious that the environment one lives in, significantly affects the route they will go through life. Do we desire a society in which cistrons dictate all that one is allowed to accomplish? This would intend a society in which people were? shackled by their lineage? ( Teich 313 ) . Besides, how does duty associate to one? s actions. If cistrons are used to find how successful one will be, so why can? t person say that it wasn? t his mistake that he murdered a individual, it was his bad cistrons that caused him to make it? The complexnesss of human life would be lost if we allowed cistrons to find one? s ability to win, alternatively of leting personality traits like leading, kindling, and passion to be the key to accomplishing success. Another signifier of favoritism that research of cloning could light is racism. Imagine a group similar to the Nazi? s taking to extinguish a race because of a minute insufficiency revealed by familial information. If it were found that one race normally had impaired motor accomplishments, so the whole race would be branded as inept. Who knows what race murder could be started by this information. It appears that we as a society demand to be reminded that merely because we have the ability to make something, doesn # 8217 ; t intend that we should or that the consequences will be positive. It is human nature to desire to detect new things. Discoveries can take to come on or arrested development, depending on who controls the information. Cloning, if used decently, can be effectual in heightening human life, but in the incorrect custodies cloning may take to the devastation of humanity as we know it today. Cloning has the possible to be far more important that the development of the atomic bomb? a tool that we knew how to do, but many people expressed concern about its development. And now we must populate mundane cognizing we killed 1000000s of guiltless people. It will be of import that we use this cognition about cloning in a manner that? cherishes our human ability to exceed biological science, that enshrines our spontaneousness, capriciousness, and single singularity? ( Te ich 313 ) . Science alterations society. Society must larn to command scientific discipline. Plants Cited Hawley, Aaron. ? Cloning. ? hypertext transfer protocol: //members.tripod.com/ cloning/cloning.txt Meek, James. ? Scientists Defend Clone Research. ? World Reporter 13 April 2000. Nii, Jennifer K. ? Biotechnology brings universe to eve of new age. ? Deseret News Publishing Company: 21 April 2000. Teich, Albert H. Technology and the Future. New York: St Martin? s Press, 1997.

Analyse and evaluate Shakespeares use of soliloquy in presenting the developing character of Hamlet Essay Example

Analyse and evaluate Shakespeares use of soliloquy in presenting the developing character of Hamlet Essay Example Analyse and evaluate Shakespeares use of soliloquy in presenting the developing character of Hamlet Paper Analyse and evaluate Shakespeares use of soliloquy in presenting the developing character of Hamlet Paper Essay Topic: Hamlet Hamlet by William Shakespeare is a drama performed between 1599 and 1601. Hamlet is a fusion of many themes, which bond together to form a complex, ambiguous play. Hamlet, simplified, is the story of a man brimming with vengeance, trying to avenge his fathers death which was caused by his uncle, Claudius who then marries Hamlets mother, Gertrude. The death of his father is a tragedy in itself. Perceptions of tragedies differ from individuals perspectives; anything can be a tragic as long as it takes the right composition or form. Calamitous situations weaved with anguish and despair in addition to the possibility of destruction and heartbreak are some of the most common elements employed by tragic writers. Dominant features of a tragedy also include the protagonists downfall, usually a consequence of their hamartia. This is evident in Hamlet. Hamlet, the protagonist encounters anagnorisis due to his hamartia, ultimately leading to death of most of the cast. The complexity of Hamlets character is a mystery to the audience but through soliloquys, William Shakespeare shows the audience Hamlets feelings and thoughts and how they develop. Soliloquies give the audience a chance to connect with the character as it gives the audience a chance to see the character unleashing their inner thoughts. This will lead to the audience being aware of the true identity of the character making it easier for them to comprehend and understand the true depths of both the story and character. Soliloquies are a vital tool used in Hamlet to understand the true insight on Hamlets character. Hamlet freely expresses his inner thoughts through soliloquies, this is the only real time the audience are aware of Hamlets feelings. Also, it gives the audience a chance to try to understand Hamlets complex character. This dramatic device is a key value in understanding the character of Hamlet and how he develops. Hamlet is portrayed by Shakespeare as a complicated individual. He is an enigma wrapped in a paradox. He is a walking contradiction, full of strong emotions just waiting to be unleashed. He is both melancholic but strong willed, even though his greatest weakness is his indecisiveness. He wallows in his grief wanting to take action but never seems to be able to. He is an incredibly articulate and genius character full of wit and intelligence. He is the definition of Aristotles tragic hero. His ambiguity is a conundrum. His personality develops as the play goes on, making his character traits more apparent. We first become aware of the true thoughts of Hamlets character in his first soliloquy. In Act 1 Scene 2 we are met with his mental state. Hamlet is full of grief; he is trying to come to terms with his fathers death but is met with more difficulties. His mother has re-married; she has re-married to his uncle. In this first soliloquy, Hamlet shows signs that can be applied to the aspects of the oedipal complex as part of his character. These soliloquiess aid us in understanding the true depths of Hamlets mind and thought process. The dominant cause of Hamlets grief is his mother re-marrying. He is disgusted that his mother has moved on so quickly and he believes the relationship is incestuous. With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not, nor it cannot come to good. / But break my heart, for I must hold my tongue. (1. 2 . 157-9). However, Hamlet feels he shouldnt intervene and must hold his tongue. Hamlet at this point seems to be more concerned over his mothers affairs rather then his fathers death. Hamlet doesnt discuss how he is feeling about his fathers death. This fits the traits of the oedipal complex. Hamlet is aware his father is dead, subconsciously Hamlet believes now that his father is gone he can have his mother all to himself. However, he is met with a difficulty: Claudius. Hamlet feels great anger and towards Claudius which also fits in with the oedipal complex; hating the father, in this case hating the spouse of his mother. In this soliloquy Hamlet is full of negative emotions, he is showing melancholia, along with anger and frustration and grief too. Now that his father has died he sees no point in living, the world around him seems meaningless. He states How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable, / Seem to me all the uses of this world! the world around him no longer has a use to him. Nothing has a purpose to him. He compares the world with a weeded garden. tis an unweeded garden, /That grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature. The words are showing that Hamlet feels the world is corrupt and rotting, and it is also a gross place. He realises that everything in the end will turn bad, and rank. He seems to think everything around him has decayed and nothing will really flourish anymore, everything he was comfortable with has just been taken away from him instantaneously and he doesnt seem to think anything will get better. Hamlet in contrast to Claudius sees his father as amazing. He thinks his father was excellent and now that Claudius is taking his place so quickly and his mother hasnt even had time to grieve, he finds that unbearable. O, God! beast, that wants discourse of reason, / Would have mournd longermarried with my uncle Hamlet think that even an animal would have mourned longer then what his mother did. He feels as though she is moving on too quickly. Hamlet seems to be trapped in the memory of his father, he doesnt seem to be completely grief ridden but it seems like he wants to reminisce his fathers existence. He wants to be close to his mother too, and he feels like its her duty to mourn. Going into another relationship so abruptly leaves Hamlet feeling as though she felt nothing towards her father. Hamlet believes all the tears she cried for him must therefore be fake. Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears/ Had left the flushing in her galled eyes She doesnt deserve to mourn, in Hamlets eyes. Hamlet at this point in the play is experiencing melancholia. He is grieving and is faced with more problems. This soliloquy helps us understand what Hamlet is feeling about the situation. Hamlet at this point is still an enigmatic character although he is showing his frustration quite clearly; he is yet to act upon his feelings and is trapped within his mind. Although he is feeling great annoyance towards the whole situation he hasnt confronted his mother about it yet. As the play progresses Hamlets character traits become more apparent. His indecisiveness is demonstrated in this soliloquy. He is confused about life and is contemplating suicide in Act 3 Scene 1 (lines 56-89). He is debating two possible scenarios; to live or to die. To be or not to be. This soliloquy unlike his other soliloquies is quite a thorough, thought out one. He is not in complete despair or anger, he is calm. Hamlet starts a philosophical speech on the good and bad sides of living. Hamlets predicament is that he is so unhappy with living; he just doesnt see the point of existing anymore. He is speculating whether death would actually be better then living. However, Hamlet is also acknowledging the fact that as he hasnt experienced death before he doesnt know how it is going to be like; he is not sure if he wants to take the chance and die; it could be a lot worse then living. If Hamlet does commit suicide there is no coming back. Shakespeare uses interesting phrases to create a vivid image in the audiences mind. Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, by comparing his situation to a sea of troubles creates an image in the audiences mind. This line can also demonstrate the physical representation of his mind. Like a sea of troubles everything is crashing inside him, nothing is going the right way. He wants to fight his despair but he doesnt see the point. He is thinking to maybe take the risk of suicide To sleep: perchance to dream. Perhaps if he died, he wou ld take the chance of falling into an eternal slumber, to dream to be at peace. However, he does realise that no-one can come back once they have taken their lives. The undiscoverd country from whose bourn/ No traveller returns. He is not willing to take the risk at this point. Hamlet associates death as a peaceful concept. He uses positive words to describe it. To sleep, to dream. As his life is filled with torment he sees death as an escape, to fall asleep and never wake, to live in a fantasy and dream. This soliloquy is showing us the paradox of Hamlets situation. He is required to kill Claudius because his father has told him to do so. But he also has his mind bent towards suicide. The 6th commandment prevents Hamlet from killing Claudius. Killing ones self is also going against the commandment. Also, Hamlet realises that if he does kill Claudius his outcome may be sentenced to a life time in hell. He doesnt really take this into consideration and really wants to kill Claudius and avenge his fathers death. He is stuck between two things, to listen to his father and kill Claudius and end up going to hell or let his fathers death go unpunished in this life. This is mentally eating up Hamlet. Since Hamlet is a firm believer in Christianity he should realise that Claudiuss crime wont go un punishable but he still feels obliged to avenge his fathers death. He is stuck in the situation. Hamlets mental state is not stable. He is always changing his moods abruptly and his soliloquies show his instability. His character at this point is reaching a climax. So far he hasnt acted upon filling his fathers wish although he really wants to do so. His indecisiveness has prevented him to do so. Although opportunities to do so have arised, he didnt take them. Hamlet finds a perfect chance to kill Claudius. But he thinks Claudius is praying. In the fourth soliloquy he expresses his thoughts on this (Act 3, scene 3 lines 73-97). Claudius is praying for forgiveness for what he has done. Hamlet believes if he kills Claudius now he will be forgiven and sent to heaven. Hamlet does not think this is the right moment to kill him now because his heinous crime will go unpunished, he wants Claudius o suffer for what he did. A villain kills my father; and for that / I, his sole son, do the same villain send / to heaven. Hamlet feels like its his duty to avenge his fathers death as he is the only son. He thinks if he kills Claudius now, his crime will go unpunished. Hamlet wants to ensure Claudius gets what he deserves: damnation. He feels like it is his duty to fulfil this. Then trip him, that his heels may kick at heaven, / And that his soul may be as damnd and black / As hell, whereto it goes. He wants to make sure there is no way Claudius will go to heaven. O, this is hire and salary, not revenge. This is not something Hamlet sees as revenge, but something he must do, something compulsory. These three soliloquies demonstrate Hamlets character and it shows his character development also. They portray his indecisiveness; he doesnt know when to kill Claudius. As he leaves it to the very end to take action the play ends in tragedy, naturally. He becomes more and more aware of his duty and feels the need to have to take Claudiuss life. Although Hamlets character seems to feign insanity by the end of the play Hamlets negative mind is definitely over powering him which leads to his mental breakdown. The soliloquies are successful in showing this as the audience get to see the slow progression of his insanity and how his character fully develops.

History and Geography of the Florida Keys

History and Geography of the Florida Keys The Florida Keys are a series of islands extending from the southeastern tip of Florida. They begin about 15 miles (24 km) south of Miami and extend out toward the southwest and then west toward the Gulf of Mexico and the uninhabited Dry Tortugas islands. Most of the islands making up the Florida Keys are within the Florida Straits, a body of water located between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. The most populated city in the Florida Keys is Key West; many other areas are sparsely populated. Early Days of the Florida Keys The first inhabitants of the Florida Keys were Native American tribes: the Calusa and Tequesta. Juan Ponce de Leon, who arrived in Florida in about 1513, was one of the first Europeans to find and explore the islands. His attempts to colonize the region for Spain was soundly defeated by the Native people. Over time, Key West began to grow into Floridas largest town due to its proximity to Cuba and the Bahamas and a trade route to New Orleans. In their early days, Key West and the Florida Keys were a major part of the areas wrecking industry- an industry associated with the frequent shipwrecks in the area. In 1822, the Keys (along with the rest of Florida) became an official part of the United States. By the early 1900s, however, Key Wests prosperity began to decline as better navigational techniques reduced area shipwrecks. In 1935 the Florida Keys were struck by one of the worst hurricanes to ever hit the United States. On September 2nd of that year, the hurricane winds of over 200 miles per hour (320 km/hr) hit the islands and a storm surge of over 17.5 feet (5.3 m) quickly flooded them. The hurricane killed over 500 people and the Overseas Railway (constructed in the 1910s to connect the islands) was damaged and service stopped. A highway, called the Overseas Highway later replaced the railway as the main form of transportation in the area. The Conch Republic Throughout much of their modern history, the Florida Keys have been a convenient  area for drug smugglers and illegal immigration. As a result, the U.S. Border Patrol began a series of roadblocks on the bridge from the Keys to the mainland to search cars returning to Floridas mainland in 1982. This roadblock later began to hurt the economy of the Florida Keys as it delayed tourists going to and from the islands. Because of the resultant economic struggles the mayor of Key West, Dennis Wardlow, declared the city as independent and renamed it the Conch Republic on April 23, 1982. The citys secession lasted only a short time however and Wardlow eventually surrendered. Key West also still remains a part of the U.S. Islands of the Keys Today the total land area of the Florida Keys is 137.3 square miles (356 sq km) and in total there are over 1700 islands in the archipelago. However, very few of these are populated and most are very small. Only 43 of the islands are connected via bridges. In total there are 42 bridges connecting the islands but the Seven Mile Bridge is the longest. Because there are so many islands within the Florida Keys they are often divided into several different groups. These groups are the Upper Keys, the Middle Keys, the Lower Keys,  and the Outlying Islands. The Upper Keys are those located the farthest north and closest to Floridas mainland and the groups extend out from there. The city of Key West is located in the Lower Keys. The Outer Keys consist of islands that are accessible only by boat. Hurricanes and Flooding The climate of the Florida Keys is tropical, as is the southern part of the state of Florida. However, because of the islands location between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, they are very prone to hurricanes. Because the islands have low elevations, are surrounded by water, and flooding from the storms surges can easily affect large areas of the Keys, hurricanes can be especially problematic. Evacuation orders are regularly put into place due to flood threats. Coral Reefs and Biodiversity Geologically, the Florida Keys are made up of the  main exposed parts of  coral reefs. Some of the islands have been exposed for so long that sand has built up around them, creating barrier islands while other smaller islands remain as coral atolls. Additionally, there is also still a large coral reef offshore of the Florida Keys in the Florida Straits. This reef is called the Florida Reef and it is the third largest barrier reef in the world.   The Florida Keys are a highly biodiverse area because of the presence of coral reefs as well as undeveloped forested areas. Dry Tortugas National Park is located about 70 miles (110 km) from Key West and, since those islands are uninhabited, they are some of the most well preserved and protected areas in the world. The waters around the islands are home to the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Because of its biodiversity, ecotourism is becoming a large part of the Florida Keys economy. Other forms of tourism and fishing are the major industries of the islands.

Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis - Article Example The researchers justified the use of qualitative method because they asserted that certain dimensions of nursing errors remain unexplored. They did not explain the philosophical underpinnings of their research method, although they highlighted that they believe that there is enough confusion, ambiguity, and diversity on the definitions and perceptions of medical errors, which warrant the need for more contextual exploration on critical care nursing’s understanding of nursing errors in particular. The researchers explained their purpose sufficiently when they stated that they aimed to explore how critical care nurses perceive nursing error and its causes. They believe that their study is important in providing a specific perspective on what constitutes nursing errors and what factors may cause them. To collect data, the researchers used the qualitative content analysis method which generally uses interviews and other qualitative data collection methods and content analysis in conducting the research. The method is compatible with the purpose of the research because the research necessitates exploratory questions that are more open-ended than close-ended, since the researchers want to know the actual range of perceptions of critical care nurses, and not to test specific models or theories about nursing errors. Moreover, the method adequately addresses the phenomenon of interest since the researchers are interested in knowing what the target subjects think about nursing errors and its causes, so they need to ask open-ended questions to collect answers in an exhaustive manner. In addition, the researchers completed the study using the qualitative content analysis method because they conducted deep, semi-structured interviews that are based on general open-ended questions which can encourage participants to think deeply and extensively about their