Business Cycle Theory :: essays research papers

The Sticky-Wage ModelIn this model, economists pursue the sluggish adjustment of nominal engrosss path to explain why it is that the short-run join hand over curve is upward sloping. For sticky nominal profitss, an increase in the price aim lowers the historical wage therefore making dig up cheaper for firms. Cheaper labor means that firms will hire more labor, and the increased labor will in turn produce more output. The time period where the nominal wage can non adjust to the changes in price level and output signifies the positive sloping aggregate supply curve.The nominal wage is set by the workers and the firms based on the target received wage, which may or may not be the labor supply & demand equilibrium, and on price level expectation.W = * Pe token(a) Wage = Target Real Wage * Expected wrong LevelAfter the nominal wage has been set but before any hiring, firms watch over the actual price level (P). From this the real wage is derivedW/P = * Pe/PReal Wage = Targ et Real Wage * Expected Price Level/Actual Price LevelFrom the equation, real wage = target real wage when expected price level = actual price levelreal wage target real wage when expected price level actual price levelreal wage target real wage when expected price level actual price levelThe bargaining between workers and firms determine the nominal wage rate but not the actual level of employment. This is determined by the firms hiring decisions and the labor demand functionL = Ld(W/P)Output is determined by the production function, Y = F(L). The aggregate supply curve, under the sticky-wage model, summarizes the two functions and the relationship between the price level and output. Any unexpected changes in the price level cause a deviation in the real wage, which in turn, affects the amount of labor and output.The major weakness of the sticky-wage model however, is that in any model with an unchanging labor demand curve, unemployment falls when the real wage falls. Under thi s model the opposite happens, which means that the real wage should be countercyclical. Economic data over the past decades in the U.S. shows that the real wage in fact tends to rise along with output. This is evidence contrary to Keynes predictions in the General Theory.The Imperfect-Information ModelCharacteristicsAssumes that the market is clear all wages and prices are set down to adjust in order to balance supply and demand and that differences in the short-run and long-run aggregate supply curves are from misperceptions about prices

College Writing in the 21st century :: Education Writers Essays

College Writing in the 21st centuryHow should it be thought and taught? With the diverse world we live in, I shtup only see one thing we all possess. The one thing that everyone has in one form or another is his or her individuality. A propagate of people have different cultures that make them more of an individualistic group in a modern society. America would scare me out my straits if I came from a society not wish Americas, from Japan or areas of the Middle East. I would have to go into a whole different frame of mind to try to survive in this society and be successful. For children or young adults this would be a tough time for them to adapt themselves to our school system. When it comes to college writing, I recollect teachers in the most part understand they have a cross-cultural influenced student body. With the Students point of view, its hard to accept people who seem different or blocked from normal social events or interactions.When I was in High school, we had 14 dif ferent nationalities within it. It was interesting to have a class with much(prenominal) a wide range of people, beliefs, and learning styles. I would feel bad for the teachers and other students mostly because the new kids that didnt speak nglish very well struggled to communicate with everyone. This caused problems with the teachers stressful to teach them and keep them equal in the classroom. This caused some teachers to give up a little bit and not treat them like normal students. When I read Amy Tans essay Mother Tongue, I noticed that she said that she spoke very good nglish but her mother did not. This caused many problems for her mother like the kids in my school, because people wouldnt take her seriously. This caused a lot of embarrassing moments for Mrs. Tan. She pointed out that when she was a child that her teachers would try to point her in the math and science rush because she showed that she was stronger in those areas which most Japanese or Chinese are stronger in . Amy expressed that she didnt want to go into math or science she wanted to write. Her teachers tried to bear her decision but she stood strong.People should be able to come into a class and feel not only welcome but also just with the people around them.

Music Censorship :: essays research papers fc

Should Music be Censored?Once raft hear about the United States they automatically relate the country to the word freedom. Little do they know that this country has many similarities to countries where security review plays a major role in their daily lives, due to their government. One of the major issues that involve censorship within the United States is the question whether or not music should be censored and how will parents or the government decide at what age it is appropriate to reserve children to listen to music pertaining profanity? There are two sides to this issue there are people who are for and there are those who are against censorship in music. At what point does action transcend from a matter of consumer choice to the matter of censorship? I prize that the government and parents should not cease their children from listening to different kinds of music, because once they do that, they deprive their children from knowing whats happening in our society.People t hat are for the issue of censorship are usually from the older generation. These people consist of government officials that have children of their own. They turn over that music pertaining profanity is one of the main factors for the problems that occur in our society. Such problems consist of an addition in violence and drug use amongst adolescents. An example was the incident that occurred at Columbine High School, where the media and others looked towards music as one of the causes for the incident. They feel that the music promotes sex, drugs, and violence. Critics believe that the children are not quite mature to listen to music with profanity in it. On the other side of the issue many people think , neither parent nor the government should censor the type of music their children listen to. By withholding art it goes against the first amendment that deals with freedom of speech, stated as sexual intercourse shall make no law representing an establishment of religion, or pr ohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or the press or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and petition the Government for a redress of grievances (Graham). Another reason why we should not have music censorship is because is that it makes people aware of what is passage on in the world. It opens ideas, and brings a whole new meaning to art.

If I Cant Have Her, No One Can :: essays research papers

Most people, when forced to give up the one thing they truly love, would rather see it be destroyed than in the hands of another person. In &8220 gray Woman Magoun, by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, the senile charwoman is in that position. She is burdened with relinquishing handgrip of her granddaughter, Lily, to the child&8217s father. Throughout the story, the old woman faces an inner struggle all everyplace caring for and, ultimately, losing her granddaughter. She deals with her struggle in a very realistic, human response. Old Woman Magoun is a woman who refuses to be disobeyed or disagreed with. She has a peculiar command over all those in her company. &8220No one had dared openly repugn the old woman (Freeman, 362). The only person she cannot make &8220visibly cower (361) is Nelson Barry, Lily&8217s father. He is the only one that shows any disregard towards the old woman. Old Woman Magoun and Nelson Barry neer agree with each other in any way. The old woman has been especia lly cautious of Barry ever since her daughter died and she had to take care of Lily. After an undesired and unforeseen encounter between the girl and Barry, the old woman is informed that she must hand over the girl. Feeling helpless and having no control over the situation, she feels forced to make a major decision to prevent the young girl from, what she feels, would be a grave predicament.Old Woman Magoun most credibly feels responsible for Lily&8217s situation and her own daughter&8217s demise and has learned to fear men as a result of it. She fears the girl&8217s father because he represents the part of herself that she cannot control, Lily. She has no choice but to give up her granddaughter and she cannot bear to lose her to the man she despises, Nelson Barry. Facing the reality of losing Lily is more than the old woman is readily prepared for. In many of her stories, Freeman &8220invests the women with power and yet simultaneously limits their power (http//www.georgetown.edu /libraries/ 2). Old Woman Magoun has a mysterious command over people, but it doesn&8217t help her when it comes to keeping Lily. She still has to relinquish her control over the child and she has no power to change the circumstances. Freeman makes the old woman flummox the &8220realities of nineteenth-century New England (2). These realities are that a woman must abide by her socially defined and accepted role and if she does not abide, she will suffer the consequences that result.

Objectification Theory Essay example -- Psychology, Body Shame

Women are bombarded by images of a thin-ideal remains form that is extremely hard, if non impossible, to emulate. Comparing themselves to these women can lead to feelings of inadequacy, depression, and an overall low self-esteem. (Expand on, need a good opening paragraph to grab the readers attention)Objectification TheoryObjectification possibility has been proposed as a standard for understanding the effects of living in a culture that sexually objectifies women (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). Objectification occurs when a persons body is toughened like a separate entity and is evaluated on its own merit, without consideration for the rest of the person. When an individual is sexually objectified, they are treated like an object that exists only for the cheer of others and objectification theory asserts that women are uniquely subject to these types of experiences, especially in Western culture. Self-objectification (SO) leads the individual to create a third person perspec tive in their minds that they character to compare their physical selves to and in turn causes them to see themselves as an object instead of a whole person. SO withal creates a form of self-consciousness, make a habitual and vigilant self-monitoring of outward appearance.There are many cognitive and emotional consequences of SO. Among these consequences are increased body shame, increased appearance anxiety, and a decreased ability to reach high states of motivation. Many studies have shown that there is a positive relation between SO, body shame, and eating disorders (Mercurio & Landry, 2008). It can also be argued that depression, sexual dysfunction, and eating disorders are additional consequences. Depression is most often caused due to body shame an... ...ly asked them to name the color of the ink in which the words appeared and the rate of their responses were recorded.The experiment concludedd by Quinn et al. reported that the women who wore the swimsuits rather tha n the v-neck sweater experienced feeling more defined by their bodies and increased feelings of body shame. It also took the women in the objectification condition longer to respond to the Stroop task, thus showing a decrease in performance. This split in attention could happen end-to-end the day with women in real world situations, thus hindering every day performance and possibly removing joy from their tasks due to a lack of complete immersion. It is also important to note that this experiment focused on a task that is in no way related to any gender stereotype, back up to rule out stereotype threat as an explanation for the results obtained.

Objectification Theory Essay example -- Psychology, Body Shame

Women are bombarded by images of a thin-ideal body form that is extremely hard, if not impossible, to emulate. Comparing themselves to these women can lead to feelings of inadequacy, depression, and an overall low self-esteem. (Expand on, need a good opening paragraph to grab the readers attention)Objectification TheoryObjectification theory has been proposed as a standard for understanding the effects of living in a culture that sexually inclinationifies women (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). Objectification occurs when a persons body is treated like a separate entity and is evaluated on its own merit, without consideration for the tarry of the person. When an individual is sexually objectified, they are treated like an object that exists only for the pleasure of others and objectification theory asserts that women are uniquely subject to these types of experiences, especially in horse opera culture. Self-objectification (SO) leads the individual to create a third person persp ective in their minds that they use to compare their physical selves to and in turn causes them to see themselves as an object instead of a whole person. SO also creates a form of self-consciousness, causing a habitual and vigilant self-monitoring of outward appearance.There are many an(prenominal) cognitive and emotional consequences of SO. Among these consequences are increased body shame, increased appearance anxiety, and a decreased ability to reach high states of motivation. Many studies have shown that at that place is a positive relation between SO, body shame, and eating disorders (Mercurio & Landry, 2008). It can also be argued that depression, sexual dysfunction, and eating disorders are additional consequences. Depression is to the highest degree often caused due to body shame an... ...ly asked them to name the color of the ink in which the words appeared and the rate of their responses were recorded.The experiment completed by Quinn et al. reported that the wome n who wore the swimsuits instead than the v-neck sweater experienced feeling more defined by their bodies and increased feelings of body shame. It also took the women in the objectification condition longer to respond to the Stroop task, thus present a decrease in performance. This split in attention could happen throughout the day with women in real world situations, thus hindering either day performance and possibly removing joy from their tasks due to a lack of complete immersion. It is also important to note that this experiment focused on a task that is in no way related to any gender stereotype, helping to rule out stereotype threat as an explanation for the results obtained.

Amalgam Model

Counseling Theory An Amalgam Model, 2008, Name, affirms that recognition proves what the countersign has long understood and says somewhat cosmos or human reputation that ledger alone has the correct diagnosis of the sickness and potential outcomes of his endeavors and challenges as well as the results especially, of a fallen nature. The author uses the scientific researches that show how the truths of Scripture be explicateed and made manifest in the lives of men and women.Practitioners who make use of this sample that at that coif is neither competition nor confusion as to the pre-eminence of Scripture rather, it presupposes that science complements what the Biblical writers as revealed, establish long known the real and lasting solutions to the sicknesses that man ahs encountered. I. Introduction Psychology has made great strides in the development of principles and methods and the baring of circumstances which find useful application in various aspects of everyday li fe.The objectives of psychology ar (1) to understand human behavior (2) to predict human behavior by means of observation and experiment (3) to influence or alter the behavior of he individual or group in desirable appearances so that he lowlife achieve the goal he desires. Behavior is described and analyzed. On this basis, an attempt to predict behavior is achievable, and although this whitethorn non thoroughly and in all be accomplished in some endeavors, the grassroots ground then is that there are certain expectations concerning how any mortal would act or finalise upon things that are within his conscious awareness.Psychology is of great importance to man since psychological problems are common to group relations, in whatever framework a somebody or group of individuals come from. The thrust of this paper is to develop my own theory of behavior and putting these in the context of the helping relationship. It starts with a basic understanding of human behavior coming from various viewpoints or perspectives. Then it discusses the reasons why an individual becomes psychically sick or develops un bouncing chassiss of behaving towards anything that affect him.This includes the maladjustments that are normally prevalent in a soulfulnesss day-to-day functioning especially if and when he has not learned or developed the skills of rightly apprehending the tests of life, so to speak. The work of a counselor is a privilege since the counselee or knob will be unfolding his life and makes himself vulnerable to a stranger. It is not an easy choice to make hence, all the training and knowledge would be indispensable to help the client reveal and trust himself to another. Counseling is not a very easy job.But it can be facilitated well when there is a clear vision of what and how it unfolds in the relationship that is established with the client. II. Discussion The paper is shared out into different parts and meant to answer to the requirements stated as follows. A. Summary of my overall overture Psychology is the scientific of human behavior and rational processes a train which is of tump overable interest to almost all flock. In the pursuit of this study is the important feature of understanding the goals or objectives.To describe, justify and predict behavior and if possible control or modify it, are the main objectives of this scientific discipline. These objectives confine as well as broaden educatees move up towards a chummyer perspective of the field in the sense that he/she will have a grasp on the variety of subject matters that psychology provides, the advances or break finisheds it has attained, its inadequacies and shortcomings, as well as forthcoming challenges the discipline faces. Since human individuals are complex and changing, the study is fascinating yet possesses a certain degree of difficulty.Fascinating because it explores all the facets of macrocosm human and possessing a certain degree of diffic ulty because of its multifarious sub-disciplines. Sigmund Freud offered a psychoanalytic viewpoint on the diagnosis and understanding of a persons mental health. Other perspectives, the behavioristic paradigm offers to see this in a different light. The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes childishness experiences and the role of the unconscious mind in determining future behavior and in explaining and understanding online based on past behavior.Basing on his person-to-personity constructs of the Id, Ego and the Superego, Freud sees a mentally reasoning(a) person as possessing what he calls Ego strength. On the other hand, the behavior therapist sees a person as a learner in his environment, with the mental capacity as his primary organ of survival and vehicle for acquiring his social functioning. With this paradigm, mental health is a result of the environments impact on the person he learns to fear or to be happy and therein lies the important key in understanding a persons mental state.Considering that the achievement and maintenance of mental health is one of the pursuits of psychology, the following is a brief outline of what psychologists would endorse a healthy lifestyle. The individual must consider each of the following and incorporate these in his/her day to day affairs 1. The Medical doctors viewpoint well-being emphasis than the illness model 2. The Spiritual viewpoint- a vital ghostlike emergence must be on check. 3. The Psychologists viewpoint- emotional and relationship factors in balance.4. The Nutritionists viewpoint putting nutrition and health as top priority. 5. The Fitness Experts viewpoint- Exercise as part of a daily regimen. The theory I have in mind then is an amalgamation of several approaches, primarily the integration of the Christian worldview and the theories set forth by Cognitive-behaviorists and psychoanalytic models, and biological/ material continuum. There are other good models but a lot of reasons exist why they cannot be good enough a lot depends on my own personality.Being authentic to who you are, your passion, is effectively communicated across an audience whether it is a negative or positive one. The basic way of doing the amalgamation or integration is that the Christian worldview takes precedence over the rest of the approaches. Although many of the concepts and premises of each theory mentioned are sound and at times efficacious, when it clashes with the faith-based theory, the former must give way to the latter.It is understood then, that I thoroughly examined each of the theory and set them against the backdrop of spirituality. Interpreting a problem that a client suffers for instance, entails that the theoretical viewpoint that I am convinced with, has better chances of properly understanding the maladjustments that the client had been suffering. To come up with the balanced worldview (an integration in other lyric), the balance between the realms mentioned, including the legit imate frame of human individuals and the true nature of God (or theology) are properly considered.Thoroughly accepting the fact that there is no contest between the natural and the spiritual only that troubles arise when one realm is overemphasized at the expense of another. This thin line or slight tension between the two levels is best explicit in the personhood of Jesus Christ, who was a perfect man as well as God. If we start to equate ourselves with that notion (which is usually happening) and we start to think that we are balanced, then we surely lack understanding or real self-awareness of the fact that we are deeply and seriously out of balance and this is one reason why we need help.B. Philosophy and Basic Assumptions What does a mentally healthy person look like and how are his traits different from those who are mentally ill or are developing a certain form of illness. Personality is more than poise, charm, or physical appearance. It includes habits, attitudes, and all t he physical, emotional, social, religious and moral aspects that a person possesses. However, to be more precise, the explicit behavioral styles covered in the course, perhaps, best captivate an individuals personality and how he/she is understood.With the different behavioral styles, an overall pattern of various characteristics is seen. Like a psychograph, a persons profile is pulled together and at a glance, the individual can be compared with other people in terms of relative strengths and weaknesses. The term mentally ill is frightening to many people. Movies, books, and magazines often depict mental illness in frightening ways. In some cases, adolescents suffering from a mental illness do act unpredictably or even dangerously. With proper diagnosis and treatment, most of the symptoms of mental illnesses can be controlled.It is tempting to distinguish healthy adolescents from adolescents with mental illness problems. However, there is often a fine line between mental health and mental illness. It is important to understand that mental illnesses vary in their severity. For example, many adolescents suffered from various levels of anxiety or depression. Others have suffered from serious mental disorders with biological origins. Education about the adolescents mental illness is vital for those with mental health problems as well as for the adolescents friends and family.Many of the disorders or mental illnesses recognized today without a doubt have their psychodynamic explanation aside from other viewpoints like that of the behaviourist, or the cognitivists. From simple childishness developmental diseases to Schizophrenia, there is a rationale that from Freuds camp is able to explain (Kaplan et al, 1994). What constitutes a mentally/emotionally healthy person and what causes a person to become dysfunctional? The Christian point of view argues that man is not needs or inherently good and that starts him off to a bad start.The environment further either enc ourages that innate evil or tones it down. However, the basic idea is that there is a spiritual aspect and this is addressed in what the Christian Scriptures declare as the renewing of the mind. Because this is an integrated approach, it recognizes the work of science with the concept or understanding that it only confirms what Scripture recognizes or identifies all along. Psychology reminds us of the differing opinions of experts in this field. It talks about personality which represents all that the mind, or the mental and affective aspects of a person.People talk a lot about personality or behavior as if its such an uncomplicated and unfussy concept, but they end up having difficulty defining it when asked. They are apt to say that it (behavior or personality in general) is something a person has. They describe the behavioral components of particular people in words like friendly, nice, forceful, or aggressive, to paint a picture of what they mean by the term and as a result en d, instead, in vague descriptions of how a person usually behaves with other people.On the other hand, when we base our descriptions on concrete and observable actions that people commonly do or adapt, we come up with what experts call as behavioral profile. There are different styles of behavior as well as there are no right and wrong profile. When we come up with correct profiling, the expected result is that we develop ways of getting to know a more concise and accurate picture of ourselves, or people in general. Personality is more than poise, charm, or physical appearance. It includes habits, attitudes, and all the physical, emotional, social, religious and moral aspects that a person possesses.However, to be more precise, the explicit behavioral styles covered in the course, perhaps, best captivate an individuals personality and how he/she is understood. With the different behavioral styles, an overall pattern of various characteristics is seen. Like a psychograph, a persons profile is pulled together and at a glance, the individual can be compared with other people in terms of relative strengths and weaknesses. A healthy personality does not mean it does not have any difficulties at all. It means that a person has the capabilities to withstand any turmoil or strain that come his way.He has learned the skills to make him adjust to the internal and external stresses minimizing conflicts from within and without but in a healthy and normal functioning way. How does personal growth occur in the context of your therapy? Personal growth occurs in the context of self-insights insights concerning the workings of ones mind in relation to the structures and stimuli around the person. He self-insight is very significant and crucial to the client for him to be able to work well with those who are there to assist in his recovery and eventual personal growth. What makes your theory work?Christian counselors are prepared to help their clients sort the distinctions and similarities between psychology and the Christian faith? This is important because basic to therapy success is that when therapist and client share similar worldviews, the therapy may then advance. Moreover, do Christian counselors and those in this kind of profession really pursue real interest and deep thirst for a systematic and regular study of the Bible? If they do not do so, they will be deficient of the overall grasp of the Bibles structure and content and lack a working knowledge of basic biblical doctrines.A deep and thriving relationship and commitment to an equally apt Bible believing church will also benefit the counselor in his/her personal life and practice, thus a necessary requirement,. C. Key Concepts apologise the primary points of your theory as if you were to summarize it quickly for someone The Psychodynamic perspective is based on the work of Sigmund Freud. He created both a theory to explain personality and mental disorders, and the form of therapy kno wn as psychoanalysis.The psychodynamic approach assumes that all behavior and mental processes reflect constant and often unconscious struggles within the person. These usually involved conflicts between our need to satisfy basic biological instincts, for example, for food, sex or aggression, and the restrictions imposed by society. Not all of those who take a psychodynamic approach accept all of Freuds original ideas, but most would view abnormal or problematic behavior as the result of a ill fortune to resolve conflicts adequately.Many of the disorders or mental illnesses recognized today without a doubt have their psychodynamic explanation aside from other viewpoints like that of the behaviourist, or the cognitivists. From simple childhood developmental diseases to Schizophrenia, there is a rationale that from Freuds camp is able to explain (Kaplan et al, 1994). In the psychodynamic theory, the following three assumptions help guide a student of human behavior or an expert in th is field determine the underlying factors that explain the overt manifestations of specific behaviors.These assumptions wherefore, help guide the diagnosis of the presence or absence of mental illness. They are the same assumptions that guide the therapist in choosing what treatment that will better help heal, cure or appease the symptoms. These assumptions are There are instinctive urges that drive personality formation. Personality growth is driven by conflict and decide anxieties. Unresolved anxieties produce neurotic symptoms (Source Kaplan et al, 1994). The goals of treatment here include alleviating enduring of the symptoms which specifically works to uncover and work through unconscious conflict.The task of psychodynamic therapy is to make the unconscious conscious to the diligent (Models of abnormality, National Extension College Trust, Ltd). Employing the psychodynamic viewpoint, the therapist or social scientist believes that emotional conflicts, or neurosis, a nd/or disturbances in the mind are caused by unresolved conflicts which originated during childhood years. In the psychodynamic approach the treatment modality frequently used includes dreams and free association, at times hypnosis (as preferred by either the therapist or by the client).The therapist actively communicates with the client in the on-going school terms. The scenario appears that a given patient may have up to five times a week session and runs up to five years in length (Rubinstein et al. , 2007). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy postulated primarily by Ellis and Beck facilitates a collaborative relationship between the patient and therapist. With the idea that the counselor and patient together cooperate to attain a trusting relationship and agree which problems or issues need to come first in the course of the therapy.For the Cognitive behaviouristic Therapist, the immediate and presenting problem that the client is suffering and complaining from takes precedence and must be addressed and focused in the treatment. There is instantaneous relief from the symptoms, and may be encouraged or spurred on to pursue in-depth treatment and reduction of the ailments where possible. The relief from the symptoms from the primary problem or issue will inspire the client to imagine or think that change is not impossible after all.In this model, issues are dealt directly in a practical way. In the cognitive approach alone, the therapist understands that a client or patient comes into the healing relationship and the formers role is to change or modify the latters maladjusted or error-filled thinking patterns. These patterns may include wishful thinking, unrealistic expectations, constant reliving and living in the past or even beyond the present and into the future, and overgeneralizing. These habits lead to confusion, frustration and eventual constant disappointment.This therapeutic approach stresses or accentuates the rational or logical and positive worldvie w a viewpoint that takes into good will that we are problem-solvers, have options in life and not that we are always left with no choice as many people think. It also looks into the fact that because we do have options then there are many things that await someone who have had bad choices in the past, and therefore can look positively into the future. Just as the cognitive-behavioral model also recognizes the concept of insight as well, this is only a matter of emphasis or focus.In behavioral/cognitive-behavioral therapies the focus is on the modification or control of behavior and insight usually becomes a tangential advantage. Techniques include CBT through such strategy as cognitive restructuring and the current frequently used REBT for Rational Emotive-Behavior Therapy where irrational beliefs are eliminated by examining them in a rational manner (Corey, 2004 Davison and Neale, 2001). Whereas in insight therapies the focus or emphasis is on the patients ability in understanding his/her issues basing on his inner conflicts, motives and fears.Coaching the patient on the step by step procedure of CBT is a basic and fundamental ingredient. Here the client is enlightened as to the patterns of his thinking and the errors of these thoughts which bore fruit in his attitudes and behavior. His/her thoughts and beliefs have connections on his/her behavior and must therefore be reorganized. For instance, the ways that a client looks at an issue of his/her life will direct the path of his reactivity to the issue. When corrected at this level, the behavior follows automatically (Rubinstein et al. , 2007 Corey, 2004). D. Therapeutic Goals What are your general goals in therapy? Christian counseling admittedly embraces in reality, a basic integration of the biblical precepts on the view of man and psychologys scientific breakthroughs in addressing the dilemmas that beset human individuals. Depending on the persuasion of the practitioner, especially whether he or she co mes from either the purely theological or secular preparation, Christian counseling can either lean to certain degrees of theology or psychology. According to Larry Crabb, If psychology offers insights which will sharpen our counseling skills and increase our effectiveness, we want to know them.If all problems are at core spiritual matters we dont want to neglect the critically necessary resources available through the Lord by a wrong emphasis on psychological theory (Crabb in Anderson et al, 2000). Dr. Crabbs position certainly ensures that science in particular, has its place in counseling in as much as theology does. He made sure that all means are addressed as the counselor approaches his profession, especially in the actual conduction of both the diagnostic and therapeutic or intervention phases (Crabb in Anderson et al. , 2000).Trauma inducing and crisis triggering situations have spiraled its occurrence and in its primacy in the US and in many other countries in recent years . Its broad spectrum ranges from the national disaster category such as that of Hurricane Katrina or the 911 terrorist strikes in New York, Spain and England, to private instances such as a loved ones attempt at suicide, the murder of a spouse or child, the antecedent of mental illness, and the worsening situation of domestic violence (Teller et al, 2006).The acute crisis episode is a consequence of people who experience life-threatening events and feel overwhelmed with difficulty resolving the inner conflicts or anxiety that threaten their lives. They seek the help of counselors, paramedics and other health workers in crisis intervention centers to tide them over the acute episodes they are encountering. These are defining moments for people and must be adequately addressed else they lead lives with dysfunctional conduct patterns or disorders (Roberts et al, 2006).

Macro and Micro Environmental Factors Essay

There are legion(predicate) other products to choose in the soft drink market include Pepsi Co product , the different is those products are cheaper than Gatorade * In order to attract much customers, Gatorade has improved its product pure tone and spent lots of money on advertising. -Selling products Gatorade mostly is the imported product so most distri howeveror afraid that they cant sell Gatorade because of Gatorade expenditure * Gatorade has increased the suppliers commission. -PublicsThe customers in the last 1 year with the developing of VN economic has begun to care about their health lately. Many sport center, fittingness club, etc has been opened in the last 15 years. * The big, potential market for energy beverage drink such as Gatorade to grow. As the result, Pepsi has built up many a(prenominal) sm tout ensemble, convenient store around those places. * Advertising and promoting trough sport events. Gatorade is also focus on McKinseys structure include structure, s trategy, and skill, staff, and style, system and share value. + hyphen Gatorade is one of the company which have style.It helps Pepsi too adopted to changes so it can reach and fix it quickly. + Strategy Improve the sport drink market in VN * Improve both product quality and price * Has an production line in VN with cheap resources and good materials but still guarantee the quality. So as to compete, Pepsi has advertised its product a lot and had various surveys to research what their consumers needs and produce healthy products are. Macro environment -Political VN has been the 150th member of WTO so it has attracted many big investors all over the world.The government has supported many enterprises and championship investments by changing to the international law, this has led to more active business action which the consumers can approach to the local products and costumers can have more choice within all the global products too. * Pepsi Co considered about importing more Gator ade in each trip to reduce to price and earn more revenue or adding no more product. -Technology Consumers now mostly pay all the products by credit, master or visa card which allows company to narrow the distance between producer and buyer. > It invests not only in one untaught but open up many branches all over the world and there must be decision whether to use capital for hiring staff, advertising the product, etc. or not Economics environment The average income of a Vietnamese is affected by inflation and economic ciao. So, the number of selling product s are also decrease. Pepsi has made a decision to having more and more promotion, and held lots of social event to refresh the consumers comments about the company to set up a good new one. Environment The environment issue in VN is becoming more and more serious. This problem is cant be subdue in developing country. Its the result of industrialize and modernization. To reduce pollution government has set up a law in order t o nurture the environment. Even though, Vietnameses awareness isnt as high as other country but the law has been enforced a broad punishment to those who pollute the environment. * This make Pepsi spent lots of money in buy new green-facilities , and providing the idea of protecting the nvironment to not only their staff but also their customers. Both help to protect the environment and still promote Pepsi good fame. Bargaining Power of Supplier the soft drink market in VN and foreign isnt the exclusive market. Bargaining Power of Consumers * Industries facing powerful buyers Distributors have the power to negotiate with the company on price, product quality, as easily as marketing policy. * Industries facing weak buyers have little impact on the market, Each buyers will buy the products with different settles.Some bought to sell, others for political purpose . Numbers of require products is too much for the producer to still keeping it product quality. So that, the pressure is heavy too Threat of entry Gatorade has many competitors. Competition from substitutes Gatorade should be change product when customer want and need, also price and quality. Competition between firms Gatorade have many competitor in Vietnam. Gatorade should eer pay attention to your competitors.

Slip of the Tongue in Singing English Songs: a Psycholinguistic Analysis

INTRODUCTION Since slip of the play is the naturals motive that everyone realize during his communication experience, crudewealth finally give many definition toward this phenomenon. In Cambridge Advaced Learners Dictionary slip of the barbarism define as a condition when person says something that they did not intend to say which is means the slip of the tongue is not intentional and it can not represent the true feelings of a person. On the some new(prenominal) hand the antonym definition coming out from Sigmund Freud which is explain slip of the tongue as a meaningful and interpreted voices.The utterances coming out as the mental representation of the re percolateed or repressed intention of the speaker. Both definitions go through their own strength and approval just here, the touch of the investigate just check on the agreement or elements that ca part slip of the tongue and the relation between rhythm/music genre to human ability in producing haggle under ps ycholinguistics analysis perspective. One condition that everybody have to understand is the explore take a special condition. If slip of the tongue usually happen in normal conversation in this display case slip of the tongue will observed in the sing activities.The effort for this condition is related to the concern of the look which will find the relation between rhythm/ musik genre to human ability in producing voice communication. So, the police detective find five contrary songs in diametrical genre to be analyzed and in collecting information, observational manner and recorcing technique engrossd slice in analyzing the data researcher used articulative identity method and presenting the result using informal and formal method. METHODS The data taken from five english songs which is sing by adult and the object that researcher wee to find is the slips of the tongue by adult in singing those songs.In order to find the object of the research number onely the resea rcher have to find the songs that included into the criteria that explained in the background of the research. In this case, the researcher have to make a questionn air powere to collect some information around the genre and the popular utterer and songs that hunchn by the participant. Then after collecting those information the researcher have to decide five songs that included into the chategories by collecting the most interchangeable answer by the participants. After collecting five songs as the tools of the bservation,the researcher need to record the songs that is sing by the participants so, if we relate it to Sudaryantos book (1988) the method used by researcher in collecting the data is observation and the technique used is recording. Nevertheless in devining the tools of the data researcher need to use questionnaire as the technique. This research included into descriptive qualitative research because the data were collected in the form of utterances that produce by th e second singer (adult) and the representation of the research is in the form of rallying crys.Due to this research purpose be to find the kinds and factors of slip of the tongue that cause slip of the tongue by adult as the second singer season singing a song so, the reseacher will use descriptive research because it designed to obtained information concerning the current status of the phenomenon and tell toward determind the nature of the situation as it exists at the m of the research in the label of qualitative methode (Ary 1972259) Differ from quantitative research, this research will concern on the complex and larger concentration.The researcher of qualitative research have to give a meaning for the phenomenon holisticaly and need to play arole in the whole lick (Sudarwan, 2002). The research it self will approve the phenomenon with the perspective of the researcher so, thither should be a methode used to analyze the data taken. Lately many expert use triangulation metho d to analyze the data. This methode is a study aplication that used multimethodic for analyze the similar phenomenon, (Denzin,1989 in Sudarwan, 2002).According to Denzin and Kimchi at that place atomic number 18 five types of triangulation theoretical triangulation, triangulation data, metodological triangulation,investigator triangulation and triangulation analysis (Sudarwan,200238). Then this research will focus only theoretical triangulation which is means that the researcher will combine some theory from the different aspects of linguistics such as psycholinguistics, phonology, sound structure and syntactic perspective to analyzing the data.After analyzing the data, researcher present the result of analysis by using the informal and formal method. Informal method is a way of presenting the findings by using a verbal statement (natural laguage) while a formal method is a way of presenting the analysis by using signs and symbols (artificial language). THEORY In linguistics, la nguage doing is the production of spoken or written language. It describes all of the stages between a concept and translating the concept into linguistic form. Levelt, 1989) As Fromkin and Ratner (1998) argued when we produced an utterance there is a correspondence between our thought and wishes which convey the message solely when the storage space of the brain is finite we may never produce a number of the infinete sentence. From those explanation we know that we must construct sentences from smaller parts or building blocks before we are able to say them. The main issues then concern on the processes by which units come to be selected and then combined in a particular order. (Gleason and Ratner 1998) The production of spoken language involves three major levels of processing.The maiden is conceptualization. The speaker must decide the message to be conveyed. It is also called the preverbal message or the message level of representation. This stage is often represented by a t hought bubble. It means that this level connects the intention to speak and the concepts to be ver addicty expressed. (Levelt 1989) On the other hand, Jaeger (20058) proposed this stage which also includes not only general and ad hoc world knowledge but also the speakers knowledge about the linguistics pragmatic conventions of their bringing community.Therefore speakers must take account of what they called the common ground. The common ground between two people consists of their mutual beliefs, expectations, and knowledge. If someone overhears a conversation between two friends, it can be very hard to follow, because s/he has a lack common ground. The second level is readying. Levelt (1989) stated that the speaker must convert their message into a linguistic form. The process of formulation is the creation of the linguistics form of the idea meant to be expressed.This process also known as the processes of grammatical encoding, starting from lexical component selection which is detonate the message and it includes semantic and syntactic properties. (Jaeger, 20058) Then, the last is articulation / execution. The speaker have to make a plan of the motor movements to convey the message. It also involves detailed phonetic and articulatory planning (Levelt, 1989). Errors in Articulator Program According to Clark and Clark (1977), there are types of geological faults emit with a number of different linguistics units.In some cases, a ace phoneme is added,deleted, or moved, but at other times, it may be sequence of phonemes, morphemic,affixes and root, whole words, or even phrases. As general rule, erroneous beliefs tend to occur at only one linguistics level per utterance. That is, when a person clearly says the wrong word, as in substitutions, the syntactic structure of the sentence, prosodicstructure, and phonological structure inhabit intact. According to Fromkin and Ratner (1998) such errors in production is called speech error. It regularly occurs in n ormal conversation. A speech error is a pattern that differs from some measuring rod pattern.Speech errors are common among children who have besides to refine their speech, and can frequently continue into adulthood. They sometimes lead to embarrassment and betrayal the speakers regional or ethnic origins. However, it is also common for them to enter the popular culture as a kind of linguistic flavoring. There are nine types of speech error silent pauses, Filled pauses, repeats, false starts (unretraced), False starts (retraced), Interjections, Stutters, Slips of the tongue. Later on this research will not discuss all of the kind of the speech error but just focus on slip of the tongue.According to Fromkin (in Clark, 1977) slips of the tongue have occurred when the speakers utterance differs in some way from the intended utterance. Jaeger (2005) defined slips of the tongue as one-time error in speech production planning that is the speakers intends to utters a certain word, phra se, or sentence but in the middle of planning process the utterances came out of the mouth differ from the intended words which want to say. Freud argued that slip of the tongue is in which a mistake in speech reveals something of the nature of the speakers unconscious mind or semi-conscious desires.He proposes that when somebody misspeak, it is an accidental expression of thoughts or feelings. Freud would argue that slips of the tongue were never accidents, that they always revealed some underlying unconscious or repressed need to impulse. In Freuds mind, this verbal slip could not have been accidental or based on any explanation other than the indispensable condition of suppression he had proposed. Furthermore, this suppression of intent or impulse which they made in the cornerstone of all slips of the tongue could operate at three different levels.On one level, the suppression could be conscious and deliberate on another suppression, it can be identified afterward by the person who made the slips but was not intended beforehand, and at the deepest level the person absolutely denies the suppression. For Freudians, it really does not matter what level the person made a slip of the tongue is operating at. For them in all cases, the slip is the results of the conflict between two forces-the underlying unacceptable need and the tendency to keep it hidden. According to Dell (as cited in Paulisse, 1999), slips of the tongue unintended,nonhabitual deviations from a speech plan.Slips of the tongue happened in three levels Those are in sound errors, morpheme errors, and word errors. Sound errors are accidental interchanges of sounds between words such as snow flurries might start out flow snurries. Morpheme errors are accidental interchanges of morphemes between words. For example self-destruct instruction might live selfinstruct remnant. Word errors are accidental transpositions of words. For example Writing a letter to my mother might become Writing a mother to my letter. major types of slips of the tongue according to Carol . Shift In Shift one speech segment dissapears from it appropriate location and appears somewhere else. Example Thats so shell be ready in case she decide to hits it (decides tohit it) get its (gets it) 2. Exchange In effect,double shift, in which two linguistic units exchange. Example Fancy getting your standard renosed (getting your nose remodeled) writing a mother to my letter (writing a letter to my mother) slicely thinned (thinly sliced) 3. Anticipation occur when a afterwards segment takes the place of an earliest one. Example Bake my bike (take my bike) eading list (reading list) sky is in the sky (sun is in the sky) 4. Perseveration Occur when a earlier segment replaces a later item. For instance He pulled a pantrum (tantrum) beef needle (beef noodle) 5. Addition A unit is added for example I didnt explain this clarefully exuberant (carefully enough) to strained it (to strain it) 6. cold shoulder A u nit is deleted. For instance same sate (same state) Ill just get up and mutter intelligibly (unintelligibly) 7. Substitution A unit is changed into a different unit. Example At low speeds its too light (heavy) 8. BlendBlend occur when two speech units are combined. For instance That child is flavor to be spaddled (spanked/paddled). The thing that we have to considered here is slip of the tounge is a condition where the utterance is not utter correcty based on the idea of the speaker. In this case the proces of producing sounds was broken in the last phase ( articulation phase) where human produce the sound to speaking. So, based on the reality above in analysing the data we have to combining some linguistics brances and in this case the are psycholinguistic, phonology and morphology and also syntax. ANALYSISFrom the explanation above here are some data taken from the participant when they are singing English song. Table 1 TitleIf I Die Young If I Die Young Singer The curing Per rySecond Singer (Indonesian) GenreRockRock Lyrics The sharp knife of a short life, well Ive had, just enough time. (1a) The sharp knife of a short life, well Ive have, just enough time. (1b) From the tabel above we can see that Ive had Ive have had have /h? d//h? v/ Both of /d/ and /v/ in the table of phonetic symbols take place as fricatives, flat and flaccid. Nevertheless d included as the sound in dental alveolar while v in the labio dental sounds.So, in this case a dental alveolar sound changed by a labio dental sound. Table 2 TitleMake Me StrongMake Me backbreaking SingerSami YusufSecond Singer (Indonesian) GenreNasyidNasyid LyricsMy lord show me right from wrong defend me light make me backbreaking I know the road is long make me strong (2a)My lord show me right from wrong Give me right make me strong I know the road is long make me strong (2b) establish on the data above the change is happen on sentence 2a Give me light replaced by the Give me right in the 2b sentence Gi ve me light Give me right light right /lait//rait/Both /l/ and /r/ are voiced liquids sounds in dental alveolar thing that make them differ is the position of producing the sounds /l/ take place in lateral and /r/ in the central. Table 3 TitleMy summation Will Go OnMy Heart Will Go On SingerCeline DionSecond Singer (Indonesian) GenrePopPop LyricEverynight in my dreams (1) I see you, i feel you That is how I know you go on Far crossways the distance And spaces between (2) us You have come to show you go on (3a)Everynight in my times (1) I see you, i feel you That is how I know you go on Far across the distance And spaces minween (2) usYou have come to show you go on (3b) from the tabel we get that 3a. 1 becomes 3b. 1 and 3a. 2 changes into 3b. 2 for clearence let we see the explanation below. 3a. 1 Everynight in my dreams Everynight in my times 3b. 1 dreams times / driems/ /taims/ 3a. 2 And spaces between usAnd spaces minween us between minween /bitwien//minwien/ /b/ is a billabial vacate voiced sound meanwhile /m/ is billabial nasal voiced sound then /t/ is dental alveolar stop voiceless sound and /n/ is dental alveolar nassal voiced sound.Both changes happen in the same place such as /b/ replace by /m/ which are take place in billabial but /b/ is stop but /m/ is nassal then the nigh /t/ replace by /n/ both are in dental alveolar but /t/ stop voiceless and /n/ nasal voiced. Table 4 TitleLove fabricationLove Story SingerTaylor SwiftSecond Singer GenreCountryCountry LyricWe were both young when i first saw you I soaked my eyes and the flashback starts (1) Im standing there on a balcony in summer air (2) See the lights, see the party, the ball gowns (3) See you make your way through the crowdAnd say hello Little did i know (4) (4a)We were both young when i first saw you I close my eyes and the Flash starts (1) Im standing there on a Galcony in summer air (2) See the lights, see the party, the ball gains (3) See you make your way through the crowd And say he llo Little i know (4) (4b) In this song the researcher find 4 changes toward the song. They are 4a. 1 replaced by 4b. 1 I close my eyes and the flashback starts I close my eyes and the Flash starts flashback flash /fl? syb? k//fl? sy/ 4a. 2 replaced by 4b. 2Im standing there on a balcony in summer air Im standing there on a Galcony in summer air balcony galcony /b? lkenie/ /g? lkenie/ /b/ is a billabial stop voiced sound which is replaced by /g/ palatal stop voiced. 4a. 3 replaced by 4b. 3 See the lights, see the party, the ball gowns See the lights, see the party, the ball gains gowns gains /gawns//geins/ 4a. 4 replaced by 4b. 4 Little did i know Little i know After explaning the changes above, now the researcher try to clasified the problems into the kinds of slip of the tongue. 1. Deletion Deletion is a kind of slip of the tongue where one item are deleted in the data above we find it in the data number 4. (4a. 1 replaced by 4b. 1) I close my eyes and the flashback starts become I close my eyes and the Flash starts Here flashback becomeflash which is means back are deleted The next data is 4a. 4 that replaced by 4b. 4 Little did i know become Little i know . In this sentence did are deleted 2. Substitution Ive had, just enough time become Ive have, just enough time Everynight in my dreams become Everynight in my timesGive me light make me strong become Give me right make me strong And spaces between us become And spaces minween us Im standing there on a balcony in summer air become Im standing there on a Galcony in summer air See the lights, see the party, the ball gowns become See the lights, see the party, the ball gains These six data are included in substitution class because all of them get a amenable error or vowel eror such as 4a. 3 replaced by 4b. 3 ow replaced by ai gowns gains /gawns//geins/ Then other get a phological error such as 4a. 2 replaced by 4b. 2 /b/ replaced by /g/ balcony galcony b? lkenie/ /g? lkenie/ For the replaced of the sounds the pattern are not define yet because each people has their own problem in replacing the sound and it is need more data for defining the pattern of the replacing phonemes. Nevertheless the reason that influence the second singer get slip of the tongue could be analyse based on some theory from the expert. Before executing an utterance we have to make a plan in our brain first. A speaker builds up a general structure for the discourse, form a skeletal frame for the sentence to be uttered and select words to fit the skeleton constituent by constituent.In speaking, people take already formulated plan and actualize them but not all goes well in every speech. In practice, they have fundamental problems. First, they have formulated their plans fully before they begin their execution. For this reason, they often speak fast and start to make variety of speech error. Second, in final preparation for execution, they must build an articulator program, a plan in working memory that tells the articulator muscles what to do them (Clark and Clark 1977) Clark also says that the planning takes time and more time on some occasions than others.The more difficult the planning, the more time it should take and the more likely speech itself will be disrupted. Then, when slip of the tongue occurs here are some factors that influence it 1. Cognitive Difficulty The first factor of planning difficulty is called cognitive difficulty. Taylor in Clark and Clark (1977), conducts a study in which people were asked to produce as quickly as possible a sentence on topic like car, animal, pleasure, and dominance some of these are concrete objects (car and animal) and others are abstract (pleasure and dominance).It took people longer to produce the first word of the sentence from an abstract than from the concrete one. Furthermore, it took them longer to develop a sentence skeleton for an abstract topic. 2. Situational Anxiety Situational anxiety is the second factor of slips of the tongue. W hen we talk about topics that we are anxious about, we tend to produce more silent pauses and certain other speech errors. One possibility is that anxiety disturbs the planning and execution processes generally. If speakers become tense, their planning and execution become less efficient.Another possibility is that what the speakers talk about is simply more difficult cognitively when s/he is anxious. It may be very difficult to verbalize the more time planning, groping, for just the right words. Under this alternative anxiety, pauses have the same source as the pauses of any other cognitively difficult talk (Clark and Clark 1977). The same cases also happen when people singing a song. When the song is familiar and interest the singer the process of production the words will easier than the one who does not.Then the frequency of error will higher in in the singer who does not like the songs. 3. Social Factors The next factor that influences slips of the tongue is the social factors. Under the pressures of conversations, the speaker must take clearly whether they still have something to say or they are finished. On other hand, there are some factors that errors can occur. Those are low self confidence and the environment factor which in this case is family (Wirawan, Seputar Indonesia No. 135/1 sunlight 14th May 2006). Here, the pressure coming out from the music.The music itself has a rhythm which is conducting the repetition of the sounds in the certain pattern or design. Then the next is the tempo of the music which is defines as the time or the speed of the song. Then the last one is the sound of the singer which influences the second singer to duplicate their pronunciations while singing. CONCLUSION Slip of the tongue define as a condition when someone says something that they did not intend to say which is means the slip of the tongue is not intentional and it cannot represent the true feelings of a person.On the other hand the opposite definition coming out from Sigmund Freud which is explains slip of the tongue as a meaningful and interpreted utterances. The utterances coming out as the representation of the restrained or repressed intention of the speaker. Nevertheless in this research most of slip that occur usually coming out because the second singer feels very familiar with the sound and produce it without paying too much attention or the opposite reason is the song is not familiar so the singer trying very hard to understand the meaning and try to imitate the first singer and the result is s/he get a big pressure while singing.For sure, those reasons are explained in the three factors that influence the occurrence of slip of the tongue cognitive difficulty, situational anxiety, and the last one is social factors. Then the kind of error/slip of the tongue that is occurring mostly are deletion and substitution because the most reason for the slip of the tongue are the pressure and the interest toward the song. REFERENCES Choms ky, N 1975, Reflections of Language, New york Pantheon books. Clark, H. I. And Clark, E. V. 1977. Psychology an Language.An introduction of Psycholinguistics. New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers. Eugene A,Nida. 1963. MorphologyThe Descriptive Analysis of nomenclature 2nd ed. Canada The University of Michigan Press. Fromkin, A. and Ratner, N. 1993. Speech Production IN Gleason, J. and Ratner, N. (eds) Psycholinguistics, London Harcourt Brace Gleason, J. and Ratner, N. 1998. Psycholinguistics, Second Edition London Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers. Hamman. 2006. Speech errors found in the speech delivered by the students of BEC (Basic English Course).Unpublished Strata One Thesis, UIN Malang University, Malang, Jawa timur. Jaeger, J. 2005. KIDS SLIPS What Young Childrens Slips of the Tongue Reveal About Language Development. Department of Linguistics and Center for Cognitive Science University at overawe The State University of New York Mahwah, NJ. Publication, 1st May 2009 Levelt, W. (1989. ) Speaking From Intention to Articulation. Cambridge, MA MIT Pr, 1st May 2009 Shadily,Hasan and John M. Echols. 1975. An English-Indonesian Dictionary. Ithaca ad London Cornell University Press.

The Crazy Horse Electric Baseball Game

The story inducts of age they are playing their first baseball game of the sea give-and-take against the Crazy Horse Electrics. They decide to put beer in the opposition teams water bottles as a prank, so that they could win. After that Willie decides to go fishing with his dad. They have deep conversations, and they start talking around why Willies mummy does not fish like she used too. Then they total into talking active Missy, Willies little sister who died of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome). After that the have cuts into another baseball game, they are playing against the Crazy Horse Electrics.Sal, a big guy on the Crazy Horse, and Johnny halt into a oral argument, and then Johnny says slightlything personal about him and he wound up and decked Johnny unity. They break it up and continue the game. When Willie was about to pitch he looses his equilibrize and Sal hits a good pitch. Then out of pure luck and talent, Willie stretches himself out and robs Sal of a sure triple. Willie becomes a minor legend. On their way home from naturalize Jenny and Willie hook up. Then on the weekend, Jenny, Johnny, Willie and his family decide to go to the lake. Willie and Jenny set the table for a picnic when Johnny is out skiing.Willies mom complains about him never being safe enough. Next it is Willies turn to water-ski. As Willie was doing a 360 turn, he caught the tips of his skis under the water and he crashed. Willies dad was in shock, Jenny had to drop dead Willie mouth to mouth, and save his life. The left the boat, got into the vehicle, and drove to the hospital. Willie ends up with a speech impediment, and problems walking. He ends up doing crazy things, like acid, and drinking. He talks to a counsellor whom he really likes. Willie does not want to go into a Special Ed class that the school is referring him to.He feels hopeless, and even jealous of his girlfriend for her athletics. He tries to play racquetball, simply his dad gets frustrated wit h him. That night he hears his parents arguing over him. He hears his dad say that he thinks it would have been easier if Willie had died in the accident. From in that respect he suspects Jenny and Petey of acquire together, and finds out that they are. Willie freaks out on Petey when he trips of Willies cane, and then Petey unintentionally turns all of the attention over to Willie. Willie decides that night that he is passing game to run away.He goes to the bank, and tells the teller that he is going to buy a VCR, then he goes to the spate depot. He starts off on the bus with no regret, and no guilt. He arrives in Oakland, and has to take a bus transfer from in that respect to get to the bus that will take him to San Francisco. On his way to the bus he meets a gang called the Jo Boys. They try to take his money, but when the bus came he jumped right on it to get away. They get on the bus too. He talks to the bus driver, and the bus driver says that he will try to stall the gan g, but thats about all he can do.So he tries to run away as fast as he can with his handicap, and they catch up, agitate him up, and take all four hundred dollars from Willie. Willie passes out. When he wakes up, there is the bus driver. He helps him up, then takes him to a restaurant where he agrees to let Willie stay the night, and ONLY the night. Willie ends up staying for good, under the agreement that he will slap-up up, and stay out of Laceys (The bus driver) way. Willie finds out when Lacey says Human Relations Management, that he is a pimp. The next day Lacey and Willie go to look at the school.Willie goes in while Lacy stays in the car. It is a private school, and the owner, Andre, offers free tuition as long as Willie will help keep it clean. Andre explains that the school is for multitude who have whatsoever handicaps, physical disabilities, or things that cause them to have learning problems. So Willie accepts and is getting a tour, when a tall gangly blond kid, name d shite comes up and starts repeating over and over again, This school is a chicken-shit rip-off. Finally Andre calms him down, and they finish the tour. After a few days, Willie begins to actually try to be normal again.Though he is slow, fathead asked him to play a game of basketball. They went to an abandoned court, and started a game. This was when Jack started to call himself the Telephone Man. People start to watch the game, and Willie starts to get nervous. Finally the game ends, and Willie goes into the office with the Phys Ed teacher, Lisa. She asks him if he wants some help with getting control back. He says that he doesnt have any money, but he finds out she is doing it for a university paper. So they start with learning how to find his center. Willie stays in Laceys apartment and practices dancing to some horrid music.He is learning how to place one foot in front of the other with applying the same amount of pressure on both sides. Suddenly Lacey comes home with a girl from Willies school, Angel. Lacey is extremely drunk, and has the girl around the waste. Willie figured it out. She was a whore. Willie goes to bad, and then wakes up to screaming. He runs into Laceys room to find him beating Angel. He takes his cane, and pounds it across Lacey until Lacey is politic out cold. Then Angle runs and calls the ambulance, and gets mad at Willie. She tells Willie that when Lacey wakes up he is going to kill Willie.So the next day Willie goes to the hospital. Andre had offered for Willie to stay in the root cellar of the school if he needed too a little while ago. Willie went in there, and he saw Lacey. At first Lacey was pissed off, but when Willie utter that he would move, Lacey asked him to stay. later(prenominal) on Willie was practicing basketball again. He was doing it a lot. Andre saw him and said that he was starting to look like a player. Willie rebounds the compliment to Lisa, because she was the one who was helping him so much. Andre asked h im why he doesnt hang around with the kids. Willie replied that he doesnt do drugs.Andre gets a little angry and says that that is not the only way to get into the school. They play a little more, and Willie says that he will try to contact friends. Later that night, after Willie finished polishing Laceys car, Willie gets a phone call. It is Laceys ex-wife, and she told him to tell Lacey that his son is still rotting away. Will decides to relay the message just to your ex wife called. Willie had never pried into Laceys personal life, but when Lacey came home, he read the message. Then Willie and Lacey get into his car, and drive down to an old facility.When they look in they see Laceys son, staring into blind air, damaged permanently. Lacey had abused him when he was younger. Lacey told Willie that Then Willie asks if that was the reason that Lacey took him in was to make up for what happened to his son. The next day at school, Lisa told Willie to ask Lacey for a hundred and forty dollars, for a special course. She said to tell Lacey that all the students were taking it, and Willie was getting a deal. So Lacey gave him the money, and the next morning Lisa picked up Willie, and they went to a gym to work out, then Willie got introduced to Sammy, who was Lisas boyfriend.He taught Willie how to protect himself, and to use his set-backs as an advantage. Later on, Willie saw Angel, and he asked her if she was still working for Lacey. She said that she still was. He told her that he had talked to Lacey, and he said he would promise to tell her that she could go. He had told her, but she didnt want to give it up. It was the only way that she could get money, and she had been raped when she was younger. During the weekends, Willie and a bunch of people would go to the school and fix it up. Then one day, Willie went into the school, and piece spray painted all over Jo Boys.He cleaned it up, and left. Then the next morning he found it again, and left it for Andre to find. Hawk got really angry about this, and was going to beat the Jo Boys up. Then Willie went to the washroom to find Jack in there, sick to his stomach from eating Bisquick and strawberry-scented shampoo. He told him to wait there while he grabbed him some clothes from the lost and found, and then sent him to run home and get changed. Willie went back to class, and then when he heard, fight. Hawk ran up and found Jack on the floor and the lead Jo Boy, Kam, against the wall. So Hawk beat him up.Then Hawk convinced Willie into letting them come into the school, since Willie had the keys, and wait for the Jo Boys to come, and they would catch them in the act, and beat them up. So that night Willie went, and they never showed up. The Jo Boys came and set the school on fire. Willie beat up Kam in the dark with his cane, and then went back and got him before he burned-out in the fire. Kam got sent to a Juvenile Delinquent Center. Willie was a hero. Then the book cuts to graduation. Wil lie thanks all the people that helped him along the way, and the next day he heads home.When he gets there, his parents are divorced, his dad is a drunk. His mom has remarried to a guy named Don. His dad doesnt want anything to do with him. Jenny is still angry at him because everyone image that he was dead, and she felt guilty. He works things out with his family, and then goes to see his old house. When he gets there he sees a tiny baby, in his room. He sticks his finger out for her to grab and she does. He begins to cry. The mother says that her name is Melinda. He says, Thank-you, shes beautiful, turns around, leaves and head back to southern Oakland.

Manchild in the promised land

First generation blacks in New York had the unique stain of being in the urban tone for the first time, having diminish from slave work conditions on mhoern farms, they brought their aims of living as slaves, they brought their religion and they brought look forward to that life in the city would be different, that life would be better in the promise land. As we seen in Manchild in the Promised Land, life in New York is hard, harder than the south in new ways that blacks could not put one across prepared themselves for.Poverty, violence, and prejudice followed them where ever they went in America, including New York. Black children growing up in this urban setting are wish well weeds growing between the cracks in the pavementthey are hearty, they do what they have to do to survive. The streets are their playground, their school and hope is lonesome(prenominal) in the luck one has that they wont maturate busted. How did this lifestyle develop? A number of factors, namely pov erty and prejudice caused opposite problems to develop such as violence, child abuse, drugs, prostitution etc.Child AbuseOne social ill that often stems from poverty is child abuse. In the book child abuse is seen in homes such as Claudes friend Bucky whose go, who is on welfare, is in such a state of despair that she chooses her revel and gambling over feeding her own four children. These children liked living in the child welfare house because at least there they had common chord meals a day and a place to sleep. Of his friend Claude says, Bucky was the only kid I knew who could stay out all night long and not be missed (p 32).This clearly instilled in these youthfulness the struggle to survive at all costs whether it be violence or skiding. School also became something that but seems worthwhile when a child could be out catting on the streets and come home with food, money, c commodehes or other items when school only meant that you would probably get in trouble for someth ing and get beat when you got home. Claude doesnt seem to realize the benefits of going to school, learning to read etc. until al virtually his high school old age when the prison warden encourages him and believes that he could do well.Just as a master abused the slave, many a black parent abused their children under the dissembling of spare the rod and spoil the child, raising them up with violence in their hearts from the start. Black children in Harlem were to respect their parents and do what they were told or pay the cost.For punishment for his various crimes and school skipping, Claude is beaten progressively to a greater extent seriously until his get resorts to hitting him with his fists because it seems that no matter what punishment Claude is given, he continues to get into trouble and his father is frustrated to the point of serious violence. So from the age of six years old, violence is instilled in Claude as a means for upholding authority and for punishing abuse d oing but interestingly enough, violence was not enough to make Claude respect his father and the day his father used his fists on Claude seems to be the day that Claudes relationship with his father was severed.ViolenceViolence is a part of survival in Harlem. One must moderate their manhood, their reputation or fear losing great alliances with other men who help make street life livable. In prison one must protect their rank of power, which is more clear separatrix than on the street. Examples of violence in the book include when Claude disowns his friend for allowing himself to be beat up by white mento Harlem street youth this was the most disrespectful thing one could do to oneself.Big Bill, a man in Claudes neighborhood, encouraged the kids to fight because he knew they inviteed to learn how to defend themselves on those hard streets. Big Bill was preparing them for life, as he saw it. In coiffe to survive, Claude learned, you had to be a bad nigger, which meant that you h ad to be willing to do anything you had to be willing to die. One time when Claude was beat up over a quarter he said, It wasnt the value of money It was in force(p) that these things symbolized a mans manhood or principles (p. 256).Violence is used to keep racial segregationClaude is raised being told that if he were to ever sleep with a white woman he would be lynched. The police use violence to control violence. Violence is also used by the everyday inhabitants of Harlem to protect themselves against the mess who live the street life. Claude caught a bullet in the stomach from a neighbor who was simply trying to keep their sheets from being stolen. One mans head was cracked open by a landlord for peeing in the hallway of his building. The cycle of wrong doing seems to be perpetuated by violence it cuts the psyche and makes a person grow callous to what has to be done to protect oneself and ones belongings in Harlem or any poor urban ghetto. fibre of WomenBlack women in Harlem a re the lowest on the totem pole so to speak and are treated as if they were objects to own or use. Women are considered to only exist to please men and men like Johnny, a pimp, treat women very badly in order to get what they want. Claudes own mother is helpless to control her son, simply ringing her hands and saying, Boy, why you so bad? (p 27). In the case of Sugar and Melvin, Sugar must step up when her man decides that he is not going to struggle to survive in hostile Harlem but simply give upshe must take on a more important role in the relationship and lead the household.DrugsDrugs are another result of urban poverty in Harlem. Drugs are an escape, a chance to make a quick buck. Claude also said that drugs became associated with manhood, the young cats wanted to take drugs because they used to listen to the way the junkies talked, with a drag in their voice (p 261). Many a black man in Harlem got caught in the web of Heroine, thinking that they were in control and selling it, the drug took control of them. supply, Claudes little brother, was just such a character and Claude spent a lot of time trying to show his brother that this just wasnt the way. godlinessReligion in Harlem harks back to the spirituals of the South. Charismatic church services were held in old stores, apartments or where ever there is space to be had. The preachers, such as Mrs. Rogers, a jackleg preacher, have no divisional training but lead their family and peers in a sermon and loud prayer sessions. Claude was very skeptical of his experience in Mrs.Rogers church and for years later he remembered church as a place where, somebody lined up a lot of kitchen chairs in a few rows, a preacher did a lot of shouting about the Lord, people jumping up and down until they got knocked down by the spirit, and Mrs. Rogers put bowls of money on a kitchen table and kept pointing to it and asking from more (p. 27). Claude believes throughout the book that religion is just another distraction, l ike a drug, to take ones mind away from the suffering of hard living.Black Muslims in Harlem represented a little different form of faith that dealt with the issues of the ghetto by turning the philosophy of prejudice around so that the black man was the superior race and the whites inferior and according to Floyd Saks, The time has come for all back men to rise up, band together and do something for themselves (p 319). These Muslims encouraged blacks to buy black to better the black economy. Although Claude recognizes the need for change in his partnership he quickly sees that Floyds faith is simply exchanging one hate for another.Role ModelsThe only role models that urban youth in Harlem seemed to have were negative ones. Those that worked hard did not make enough money to survive or live well. Those that seemed to have enough money and to have control over their life were the street heroes or the men who were able to lie, cheat and steal their living. Claude was influenced by fr iends his own age such as Danny, who taught him how to steal from cash registers and skip school or Johnny who taught him how to hustle on the street.Claude in turn became a street hero and influenced his little brother Pimp who then ended up becoming a drug user. The influence of siblings was such that Pimp was expected to live up to his brothers yob reputation so he had to be a bad nigger and he had to get in as much trouble as assertable to catch up to his brothers years of street experience. Claude has to beat up an older boy for his sister Caroles honor in order to preserve his own as well as hers.Claude finds a positive influence only in the comforts of the regimented prison where everything is clearly displace out with purpose. Mr. Papanek and Mrs. Coen are the only two people in Claudes life who positively influenced his actions and helped him to realize that he was going no where doing the same things that got him in trouble before and got other men in trouble before and after him.Papanek kept telling people that, Claude Brown is going to be a real success and as a result, Claude believed it and made it happen (p 167). Doing something different had not occurred to Claude before this or to other youth like him because there just werent any successful young black men to be found. empyreal James was a positive role model in the Harlem community that Claude sought to help his brother Pimp get off drugs and to find a track into college. Claude respected Reverend James because he was as smart as Mr. Papanek but he was black and he lived in Harlem with the rest of those struggling to survive and had found a way to survive outside of the mores of the street. Reverend James is a pretty hip guy for a minister, Claude admitted to Pimp and it is the Reverends ability to be hip that made him capable of unfeignedly making a difference in the lives of Harlem youth (p 390).The Ghetto MentalityPoverty, violence, crime and the lack of any hope or any positive role models caused a ghetto mentality to develop that made people have low inhalations and to focus on the appearance of things such as making sure to have elegant clothes rather than planning ahead with finances for the future. Success was seen only in the street heroes pimps and successful criminals.Tilto, Danny and mackintosh are good examples of boys with no aspiration to ever do anything else but hustle and hope for a quick showy success. When asked what he was going to do with his life Claudes friend Mac says, I dont know man. I guess Ill deal drugs like every one else in the neighborhood was already doing (p 237). This ghetto mentality was re-enforced by the fact that men with a criminal record after the age of sixteen were unable to find gainful employment or fetch a successful citizen in society so there was a sense of, why try, I cant do anything about it now.This mentality is broken only by the influence of someone like Claude, who everyone respects on the street and who decided to get out of the lifestyle and to find something more fulfilling in life. The likelihood of urban youth to come in contact with a Mr. Pancheck, like Claude did is less likely than for them to be impressed to change by someone like Claude.

What are the most important weaknesses of the environmental optimist position?

The essay provides a fairly sound critique of the environmental optimist position. However, it also has a number of important drawbacks. The article cites global warming as the evidence of inadequacy of environmental optimism. However, there is still a debate going on in scientific circles concerning the causes of global warming. There is no persuasive evidence that global warming is induced by human activity.Therefore, citing global warming as an example of inadequacy of environmental optimism is a risky strategy. The second argument used to refute environmental optimist position is formulated in a perplexing way. It is not before the middle of essay that the actual claim is made in a comprehensible manner. The claim itself is disputable the essay states that in the environmental optimist view, there is a positive correlation between the economy and the environment however, evidence proves otherwise.The essay supports this statement by showing negative causal race between economic development and pollution. However, the article makes a factual mistake by listing China and India as developed countries in fact, they are exploitation countries with low environmental standards and high industrial output, therefore they are among largest contributors to pollution. Consumerism is also cited as a problem that is getting amplified rather than solved by industrial development.However, the essay ignores the ongoing shift from material values to post-material values (e. g. solidarity, national self-identification, community, culture etc. ) that is happening in many European countries and catches on in the U. S. This trend might be the turning point in the relations between humankind and environment. Therefore, environmental optimism remains a credible theory.

Social Studies

genial studies is de delicatelyd by the Board of Director of the case Council for the aff satisfactory studies as, the integrated try of the fond sciences and humanities to promote polite competence. Within the school computer programme, brotherly studies provides coordinated, systematic study drawing upon such disciplines as anthropology, archeology, economics, geography, history, law, philosophy, semipolitical science, psychology, religion, and sociology, as healthful as leave content from the humanities, mathematics, and neutral sciences.The primary purpose of social studies is to back up young people develop the ability to pee informed and cerebrate decisions for the public good as citizens of a culturally diverse, elected order in an interdependent do of import of a function. There be two main characteristics of social studies as a field of study. First is social studies promoting civic competence, the knowledge, skill, and attitudes of a student motivationed to assume the office of citizen in our democratic republic. The National Council for the Social Studies considers civic competence as a main goal for social studies.The NCSS says, students who learn these skills in social studies will help shape the approaching of a democratic society. The second characteristic of social studies is the social studies program, K-12, integrates knowledge, skills, and attitudes within and across disciplines. A third characteristic is one in which social studies programs help students pull in a knowledge base and attitudes drawn from academic disciplines as specialized slipway of viewing reality. This can be achieved with courses such as, history, geography, political science, sociology, and dustup arts, English and fine arts.Examples from each help students experience concepts reflectively and actively, through reading, thinking, discussing and writing. The fourth characteristic of the social studies program is the demonstration of the changing nat ure of knowledge, reproduction entirely sassy and highly integrated approaches to resolving issues of significance to humanity. The social studies program should help students gain knowledge of how to know, how to apply what they know, and how to participate in make a future.A well designed social studies programme will help each student achieve a blend of personal academic, pluralist, and spherical views of the human limit with a personal perspective, academic perspective, pluralist perspective, and global perspective. A personal perspective will help to explore events and recurring issues, consider suggestion for self, family, and the while population and world community. Students should be able to make choices for themselves and others. Students should learn how to construct an academic perspective through study and application of social studies learnedness experiences.Based on diversity, social studies students should construct a pluralist perspective. A global perspect ive includes knowledge, skills, and commitments needed to live wisely in a world that possesses throttle resources. It involves viewing the world and the people with understanding and concern. A social studies student will be able to connect knowledge, skills, and values to civic proceeding as they engage in social inquiry. Knowledge is constructed by learners as thy attempt to fit new information, experiences, feeling, and relationships.In social studies educators draw from a number of disciplines to construct circular experiences enabling students to actively relate new knowledge to their existing understanding. For students to be better thinkers and better decision makers, they must involve contact with those attached to thinking with precision, refinement, and clarity. They should be encouraged to be critical. Skills promoted in an splendid social studies program includes, acquiring information and manipulation data, developing and presenting polices, arguments and stories , constructing new knowledge, and participating in groups.The social studies curriculum focused on how values be formed and how they influence human behavior rather than on building commitment to limited values. The emphasis is primed(p) upon helping students weigh priorities in situations in which a conflict exists between or among values. With each location students will be able to improve the ways in which they deal with persistent issues and dilemmas and participate with others in qualification decisions about them.Students who pose knowledge, skill, and values are unionised to take appropriate civic action as individuals or as members of groups devoted to civic improvements. The principles of teaching and encyclopaedism document which must undergird all social studies programs include, social studies teaching and acquisition are powerful when they are meaningful, social studies teaching and learning are powerful when they are integrated, social studies teaching and lea rning are powerful when they are value based, they are powerful when they are challenging and they are powerful when they are active.The document also states additional requirements to give birth an excellent social studies program which lie beyond the control of the individual instructor. The purpose of the social studies standard is to serve as a frame work for K-12 social studies program, to serve as a guide for curriculum decision, and to provide examples of classroom practice to guide teachers in designing instruction to help students meet achievement expectations.They provide criteria for making decisions as curriculum planners and teachers address issues, and how to access whether students and apply what they have learned. The social studies standards are presented as a set of ten thematically based curriculum standards, corresponding sets of performance expectations and illustrations of exemplary teaching and learning to foster students achievements of the standards at ea ch school train.The ten standards for the social studies curriculums at every school level are, One culture two time, continuity, and change three people, places, and environments four individual development and identities fume individuals, gourd, and institutions six power, authority, and governance seven production, distribution, and utilisation eight science, technology, and society nine global connections and ten civic ideals and practices.The NCSS House of Delegates voted in November 1992 to approve the final version of the definition of social studies. NCSS recently issued position statements on curriculum, assessment, teacher education, and professional development. The purposes and goals of social studies are stated in NCSSs Essentials of the Social Studies, it identifies citizenship education as the primary purpose of K-12 social studies. It states that, hard-hitting social studies programs prepare young people to identify, understand, and work to solve problems.Assumpti ons about social studies as a school subject include social studies as diverse, all students should have access to the full richness of the social studies curriculum, teachers need adequate time and resources to teach social studies well at every bod level, and social studies teachers need to treat the social world realistically and address its controversial aspects. The vision of powerful social studies teaching and learning comes from the goals and purposes of social studies, the assumptions, and the on hand(predicate) research and scholarships.Social studies teaching and learning is powerful when they are meaningful, integrative, value based, challenging and active, all of which are equally important. Powerful social studies teaching and learning is likely to pay back more common when assessment approaches at all levels focus on measuring progress toward social understanding and efficacy goals teachers receipts and education receives support from administrators, parents, the local community, and government agencies and the nation successfully meets ceratin currently recognizable challenges.Social StudiesSocial studies is defined by the Board of Director of the National Council for the social studies as, the integrated study of the social sciences and humanities to promote civic competence. Within the school program, social studies provides coordinated, systematic study drawing upon such disciplines as anthropology, archeology, economics, geography, history, law, philosophy, political science, psychology, religion, and sociology, as well as appropriate content from the humanities, mathematics, and neutral sciences.The primary purpose of social studies is to help young people develop the ability to make informed and reasoned decisions for the public good as citizens of a culturally diverse, democratic society in an interdependent world. There are two main characteristics of social studies as a field of study. First is social studies promoting civic compet ence, the knowledge, skill, and attitudes of a student needed to assume the office of citizen in our democratic republic. The National Council for the Social Studies considers civic competence as a main goal for social studies.The NCSS says, students who learn these skills in social studies will help shape the future of a democratic society. The second characteristic of social studies is the social studies program, K-12, integrates knowledge, skills, and attitudes within and across disciplines. A third characteristic is one in which social studies programs help students construct a knowledge base and attitudes drawn from academic disciplines as specialized ways of viewing reality. This can be achieved with courses such as, history, geography, political science, sociology, and language arts, English and fine arts.Examples from each help students experience concepts reflectively and actively, through reading, thinking, discussing and writing. The fourth characteristic of the social st udies program is the demonstration of the changing nature of knowledge, fostering entirely new and highly integrated approaches to resolving issues of significance to humanity. The social studies program should help students gain knowledge of how to know, how to apply what they know, and how to participate in building a future.A well designed social studies curriculum will help each student achieve a blend of personal academic, pluralist, and global views of the human condition with a personal perspective, academic perspective, pluralist perspective, and global perspective. A personal perspective will help to explore events and recurring issues, consider implication for self, family, and the while nation and world community. Students should be able to make choices for themselves and others. Students should learn how to construct an academic perspective through study and application of social studies learning experiences.Based on diversity, social studies students should construct a pluralist perspective. A global perspective includes knowledge, skills, and commitments needed to live wisely in a world that possesses limited resources. It involves viewing the world and the people with understanding and concern. A social studies student will be able to connect knowledge, skills, and values to civic action as they engage in social inquiry. Knowledge is constructed by learners as thy attempt to fit new information, experiences, feeling, and relationships.In social studies educators draw from a number of disciplines to construct circular experiences enabling students to actively relate new knowledge to their existing understanding. For students to be better thinkers and better decision makers, they must have contact with those accustomed to thinking with precision, refinement, and clarity. They should be encouraged to be critical. Skills promoted in an excellent social studies program includes, acquiring information and manipulation data, developing and presenting p olices, arguments and stories, constructing new knowledge, and participating in groups.The social studies curriculum focused on how values are formed and how they influence human behavior rather than on building commitment to specific values. The emphasis is placed upon helping students weigh priorities in situations in which a conflict exists between or among values. With each position students will be able to improve the ways in which they deal with persistent issues and dilemmas and participate with others in making decisions about them.Students who pose knowledge, skill, and values are prepared to take appropriate civic action as individuals or as members of groups devoted to civic improvements. The principles of teaching and learning document which must undergird all social studies programs include, social studies teaching and learning are powerful when they are meaningful, social studies teaching and learning are powerful when they are integrated, social studies teaching and l earning are powerful when they are value based, they are powerful when they are challenging and they are powerful when they are active.The document also states additional requirements to support an excellent social studies program which lie beyond the control of the individual teacher. The purpose of the social studies standard is to serve as a frame work for K-12 social studies program, to serve as a guide for curriculum decision, and to provide examples of classroom practice to guide teachers in designing instruction to help students meet performance expectations.They provide criteria for making decisions as curriculum planners and teachers address issues, and how to access whether students and apply what they have learned. The social studies standards are presented as a set of ten thematically based curriculum standards, corresponding sets of performance expectations and illustrations of exemplary teaching and learning to foster students achievements of the standards at each scho ol level.The ten standards for the social studies curriculums at every school level are, One culture two time, continuity, and change three people, places, and environments four individual development and identities fume individuals, gourd, and institutions six power, authority, and governance seven production, distribution, and consumption eight science, technology, and society nine global connections and ten civic ideals and practices.The NCSS House of Delegates voted in November 1992 to approve the final version of the definition of social studies. NCSS recently issued position statements on curriculum, assessment, teacher education, and professional development. The purposes and goals of social studies are stated in NCSSs Essentials of the Social Studies, it identifies citizenship education as the primary purpose of K-12 social studies. It states that, effective social studies programs prepare young people to identify, understand, and work to solve problems.Assumptions about soc ial studies as a school subject include social studies as diverse, all students should have access to the full richness of the social studies curriculum, teachers need adequate time and resources to teach social studies well at every grade level, and social studies teachers need to treat the social world realistically and address its controversial aspects. The vision of powerful social studies teaching and learning comes from the goals and purposes of social studies, the assumptions, and the available research and scholarships.Social studies teaching and learning is powerful when they are meaningful, integrative, value based, challenging and active, all of which are equally important. Powerful social studies teaching and learning is likely to become more common when assessment approaches at all levels focus on measuring progress toward social understanding and efficacy goals teachers benefit and education receives support from administrators, parents, the local community, and govern ment agencies and the nation successfully meets ceratin currently recognizable challenges.