Bureau Of Justice Statistics The United States Primary...

Capital Punishment. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). U.S. Department of Justice. 25 Nov. 2014. Web. Web. 25 Nov. 2014. Bureau of Justice Statistics is the United States primary source for criminal justice statistics. The website has published information on crime, criminal offenders, victims of crime, and the operation of justice systems at all levels of government. According to Bureau of Justice Statistics, â€Å"The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) is a component of the Office of Justice Programs in the U.S. Department of Justice.† The data on the website are official and are critical to federal, state, and local policymakers in combating crime and ensuring that justice is both efficient and evenhanded. The website†¦show more content†¦However, this is published in 2009, which may be out of date. Death Penalty Information Center. DPIC. N.p., 26 Nov. 2014. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. The Death Penalty Information Center is a national non-profit organization serving the public with analysis and information on issues concerning capital punishment. The site contains in-depth reports on the death penalty, fact sheet, execution database as well as the latest statistics. The website also has reports on various issues and news related to the death penalty. According to the DPIC, in their website, â€Å"[DPIC’s] reports and press releases are widely quoted and consulted by reporters in the United States and around the globe.† DPIC’s information are credible enough for some of the most notable media such as the BBC and CNN to cover it. The website has been constantly revised, therefore it is most likely to be up to date. Van Den Haag, Ernest. The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense. 2014. Social and Personal Ethics. Ed. William H. Shaw. 8th Ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, 2014. 307-22. Print. Ernest van den Haag, a long-time defender of capital punishment, answers various criticisms of the death penalty. Van den Haag, in his essay, state that â€Å"Threats and punishments are necessary to deter and deterrence is a sufficient practical justification for [capital punishment]† (318). Van den Hang believes in the deterrent effect of the death penalty, and argue that retribution is

Perceptions of B2B Electronic Market in Hong Kong Assignment

Essays on Perceptions of B2B Electronic Market in Hong Kong Assignment The paper â€Å"Perceptions of B2B Electronic Market in Hong Kong" is a  telling example of an assignment on e-commerce. The strategies developed will be able to help the e-market operators to thus enhance the necessities of achieving and also sustaining new levels of strategic performance and competitive positions in the changing B2B electronic market place in the Chinese republic. B2B market model is applied for the purpose of providing guidelines for the managers in order for them to provide effective services and business strategies, value creation activities, and business activities for electronic e-markets in Hong Kong. The evolving aspect of investing in B2b in the republic of china has thus defined a great challenge field for conducting research within e-commerce. The evolving aspect of investing in B2b in the republic of china has thus defined a great challenge field for conducting research within e-commerce. In order to facilitate the developments the value of approach c reation of the B2B e-market has been chosen to describe and further analyze the perceptions of the B2B electronic market in Hong Kong. The evolving aspect of investing in B2b in the republic of china has thus defined a great challenge field for conducting research within e-commerce. Malone, Yets, et al, suggests that the values of e-markets are the brokerage electronic effects that in contrast as compared to electronic integration affect the electronic hierarchies. As the e-marketplaces provide huge benefits too, there are many considerable interests within the business community. The failure of some marketplaces and the success of others have led the business managers interested in which marketplaces will be successful in the future. In terms of the efforts, money and time that is spent e-marketing through the internet is thus a more efficient channel for transmitting the information as compared with traditional counterparts. There need for intervention between the IT firms and the government for the purpose of providing the required services and support to the e-markets. Economic of scale and the effects of the network have also contributed to the growth of e-markets in the electronic business for Hong Kong, whereby the existence of e-markets has created traditional cost-based and supply-side economies of scale. The additional increment participant in the e-market sector has brought a side effect economy of scale wherein the existence of every participant forms a critical mass that makes the key attraction for more users in the e-market (Zhao and Yu, 1999).   The joining together of a significant number of the sellers and buyers has provided demand-side economies of scale together with network effects.

Pharmaceutical Innovation Trends and Drivers

Question: Discuss about the Pharmaceutical Innovation for Trends and Drivers. Answer: Introduction The report describes exploring different market opportunities in order to formulate a country-product opportunity brief. The chosen country is United States. Opportunities in the global market of the United States of America are determined in the report. The Australian pharmaceutical company chosen for the expansion of the business in the U.S market is Australian Pharmaceutical Industries (API). It is the recognized as the largest wholesale distributor of allied products and pharmaceutical products of Australia. The company is headquartered in New South Wales, Australia and is involved in pharmaceutical retailing, distribution and manufacturing. The company is exporting its pharmaceutical products in many countries of the world. However, API is now planning to export its product to U.S market. The pharmaceutical industry in Australia is very competitive in nature. The company has many subsidiaries such as Soul Pattinson Chemist, Priceline Pharmacy and Pharmacist Advise. The company d eals with retail services, wholesale product delivery, business advisory services and marketing services. The company started its business from a small cooperative and now it is considered as leading beauty and health companies of Australia. API is focusing on six values of authenticity, respect, growth, initiative, unity and excellence. The brands of API is very famous and is responsible for generating substantial revenue for the company. Currently API has 100 Soul Pattinson stores, 420 Priceline pharmacy stores, 750 club premium pharmacies and 72 pharmacist advice pharmacies. Situation Analysis Business environment Macro environment of Australian Pharmaceuticals Industry (API) includes PESTEL analysis of the pharmaceutical industry of United States. Political: Most of the transaction of the pharmaceutical industry is done in the United States of America. The purchasing power of government is very high that affects the industry. It results in controlling prices along with export and import of goods. Eighty percent of the total sales in the global market are from the United States of America (Brown et al., 2015). API will have huge opportunities in the flourishing market of America. Economic: The sales of the pharmaceutical industry contribute the GDP growth of the nation. It includes huge employment that decreases the rate of unemployment in the country. However, the economic downturn affects the sales of the industry. Approximately 46.6 million citizens in U.S do not buy any insurance. Hence, there is a chance of the pharmaceutical companies to earn less profit in low economic condition (Byrne et al., 2013). Social: Social factors include population growth, cultural change, health problem, etc. The social factors are responsible for the growth of sales and creation of demand in the market. Ageing of population means an increase in the demand for medicines. Technological: Technological innovation is very high in U.S. Hence, technological factors help in flourishing the pharmaceutical industry in U.S. companies are investing in their RD department (Stephenson et al., 2013). Environment: with the increase of pollution, people are affected more with many diseases. This is a negative sign of the growth of the industry. Manufacturing sites of the pharmaceutical products are responsible for the emission of different poisonous gases that affects humankind as a whole. Legal: The regulatory department consumer law, safety and health law, employment law, etc. have a different effect on the industry. Regulations of government can inhibit the patent of a certain company. Companies have to abide by the regulations of U.S. government, otherwise, penalties are set for them (David et al., 2015). The microenvironment of API includes customers, public, suppliers, competitors, marketing intermediaries, and employees. These factors are the internal factors of API. These factors are responsible for creating a different level of results for different companies. Customers of API include target customers of United States of America. Competitors of API in U.S market are Glaxo SmithKline, Pfizer, Johnson Johnson, Abbot Laboratories, Novartis, etc. Supplier relation is a vital aspect that affects the profitability of a company. Public of API include the customers of the target market (Toole, 2012). It is the responsibility of the company to serve quality products to the customers for maintaining goodwill in the market. Employees are the asset of an organization that is responsible for earning substantial revenue in the U.S market. Marketing intermediaries of API include different companies and business houses that are responsible for the promotion of the company. Market analysis The pharmaceutical industry of United States is considered as the highest growing sectors of the nation. It is one most vital market of the world as it contributes a greater percentage of the economy of United States. The country alone holds approximately forty percent of the global market of the pharmaceutical industry. In the year of 2014, the market share of the sector is valued $ 365 million approx. the estimated value of the market in the year of 2020 is estimated to $548.4 billion. However, in the year of 2014, it was $395.2 billion (Guler Nerkar, 2012). The government of United States supports the pharmaceutical industry. The government in the country for improved research and development supports companies. Not only the Federal government of United States has controlling power, but also by the Food and Drug Administration controlled the market. There are many drugs and the U.S department of FDA in the market approves medicines. There are many new initiatives are taken both b y the government of the United States and FDA for the formulation of transparent regulation of the companies of the sector. The regulatory system is competent enough to identify different pharmaceutical products. Apart from that, there are other regulatory bodies that control the actions of the pharmaceuticals companies of United States of America (Freifeld et al., 2014). The Australian company will get favor in many areas while in some areas it can face some problems while trading in the United States. The global market for the pharmaceutical industry is very innovative in nature. The players of the sector are focused on gaining a major share of the market by its improved research and development of its different drugs, and other pharmaceutical generic products as per the needs of the consumers. Competitive analysis It is already mentioned earlier that the growth of the market is very high. Most of the world famous companies are headquartered in the United States. It is due to the improved version of research and development procedure, the market players are adopting due to the effort of the government. Competitors of Australian Pharmaceutical Industries in America include Glaxo SmithKline, Pfizer, Abbot, Glenmark, Novartis, Merck Co, Johnson Johnson (Gibson, 2016). The largest companies of the industries generated approximately $75 billion of annual revenue in the year of 2014. The companies are very active in selling products of consumer segments and diagnostics and medical devices. As per the volume of the sales, Pfizer is considered as the largest pharmaceutical company in the United States of America. However, when these companies operate in other countries then they usually merge with other companies to enter the market (Comanor Scherer, 2013). In terms of medical development and resear ch, United States is always achieved in the topmost position in the world in this sector. The industry acts as a booster for its growth not only in the country but also outside the nation. For the purpose of research and development, the pharmaceutical companies of United States spend approximately 50 billion dollars annually. Day by day the cost of manufacturing drug is increasing which is the reason of increased investment in the production of drugs. Apart from that, if the individual investment is considered, then it also counts a lot for a single company. Top companies are focusing on differentiation in the quality of the drugs they are serving to the market (Sams-Dodd, 2013). The patent is very important in this industry that consists of different steps of approval and a huge investment for the manufacture of a single drug. Organization analysis As it is mentioned earlier that Australian Pharmaceutical Industries (API) is a well-reputed company in Australia. It is one of the fastest growing retailers in the sector of health and beauty sector in the country. It has gained much reputation from the Aussies in terms of its products from various segments. It has its business operations all over Australia through franchise stores. It is an advantage for the company. The company has its good control over its franchise stores across the nation (DiMasi et al., 2016). It can be used as a popular entry mode while entering the U.S pharmaceutical market. However, the company is into selling services on retail, business advisory and marketing programs. Apart from the franchise operations, Australian Pharmaceutical Industries (API) also owns its company-owned stores. There are many subsidiaries of the company such as Pharmacists Advise, Priceline Pharmacy, Soul Pattinson and Priceline. These are the strong aspects of the company against it s competitors in Australia. However, the company is successful in maintaining its strong brand image in the market. The company is famous for its formulation of the strategy of globalization in the market (elik, 2016). It is very critical to know about the consumer trends about the customers of the United States. The nature, taste, preference, and decision-making process of the customers of United States of America are different from that of residents of Australia. Extensive market research should be conducted in the American market for collecting various information related to market analysis (Moses et al., 2015). The organizational analysis is incomplete without competitor analysis. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis of the company is based on the different aspects of the situational analysis described above. It will help the company to mitigate different external risks of internalization of the business operations in U.S. market. Strengths: Australian Pharmaceutical Industries has a strong brand reputation in Australia. It is the largest wholesale pharmaceutical company in Australia. Apart from strong brand image, the company is focused on its marketing activities that help in maintaining a global image in its international countries. The core aspect of the company is to provide value to its customers. The company has its strong distribution channel across different regions of Australia (Csermely et al., 2013). Weakness: Australian Pharmaceutical Industries (API) has its strong presence only in different parts of Australia only. The strong distribution is not so much dominant outside Australia. The health and beauty products are popular in the Australian region compared to other regions outside Australia. Opportunity: Opportunity for API in U.S pharmaceutical market is very high. U.S pharmaceutical market is a booming market. On exporting the manufactured goods of API into U.S market, the company will be able to earn to huge amount of profit from the target market. The research and development of the pharmaceutical company should be strong enough so that they can compete with the existing pharmaceutical giants of United States of America. There are many products of the company that the company is famous for will be well flourished in the U.S market (Gassmann et al., 2013). Threats: Stiff competition in the generic and other types of drugs are there in the Australian as well as U.S market. Many companies are capturing the leading position in the market. They have a strong brand in the U.S market. Consumers trust old and reputed brands of health and beauty brands. Exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency, as well as impose of government regulations, can affect the profitability of the company in the foreign market (Khanna, 2012). Conclusion The report contains various types of situation analysis as well as competitor analysis of Australian Pharmaceutical Industries (API) in the United States of America. The company has too many risks and difficulties while expanding its reach in the U.S pharmaceutical market. API has to overcome the risks of internalization by adopting the strategies of internalization in the U.S market. The company has to abide by the rules and regulations of the government of United States to maintain a smooth flow of the export of its products in the United States. However, API can focus on its RD department to match the needs and demands of the U.S market. Apart from that, to increase the flow of export of trade, extensive market research is required to be conducted by the pharmaceutical company. Strategies are to be formulated for different branches of operations to cope up with the issues and problems that may arise in future business operations in the target country. Australian Pharmaceutical Ind ustries by formulating strategies based on the above situational and SWOT analysis will successfully control its international expansion in U.S market. However, it can also focus on the trends of the consumer of United States in order to export its products. References Brown, S. R., Evans, D. V., Fugh-Berman, A. (2015). Pharmaceutical industry interactions in family medicine residencies decreased between 2008 and 2013: a CERA study.Family medicine,47(4), 279-282. Byrne, E. M., Gehrman, P. R., Medland, S. E., Nyholt, D. R., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A., Martin, N. G. (2013). A genome wide association study of sleep habits and insomnia.American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics,162(5), 439-451. elik, M. (Ed.). (2016).Pharmaceutical powder compaction technology. CRC Press. Comanor, W. S., Scherer, F. M. (2013). Mergers and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry.Journal of health economics,32(1), 106-113. Csermely, P., Korcsmros, T., Kiss, H. J., London, G., Nussinov, R. (2013). Structure and dynamics of molecular networks: a novel paradigm of drug discovery: a comprehensive review.Pharmacology therapeutics,138(3), 333-408. David, B., Wolfender, J. L., Dias, D. A. (2015). The pharmaceutical industry and natural products: historical status and new trends.Phytochemistry Reviews,14(2), 299-315. DiMasi, J. A., Grabowski, H. G., Hansen, R. W. (2016). Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: new estimates of RD costs.Journal of health economics,47, 20-33. Freifeld, C. C., Brownstein, J. S., Menone, C. M., Bao, W., Filice, R., Kass-Hout, T., Dasgupta, N. (2014). Digital drug safety surveillance: monitoring pharmaceutical products in twitter.Drug safety,37(5), 343-350. Gassmann, O., Reepmeyer, G., von Zedtwitz, M. (2013).Leading pharmaceutical innovation: Trends and drivers for growth in the pharmaceutical industry. Springer Science Business Media. Gibson, M. (Ed.). (2016).Pharmaceutical preformulation and formulation: a practical guide from candidate drug selection to commercial dosage form. CRC Press. Guler, I., Nerkar, A. (2012). The impact of global and local cohesion on innovation in the pharmaceutical industry.Strategic Management Journal,33(5), 535-549. Khanna, I. (2012). Drug discovery in pharmaceutical industry: productivity challenges and trends.Drug discovery today,17(19), 1088-1102. Moses, H., Matheson, D. H., Cairns-Smith, S., George, B. P., Palisch, C., Dorsey, E. R. (2015). The anatomy of medical research: US and international comparisons.Jama,313(2), 174-189. Sams-Dodd, F. (2013). Is poor research the cause of the declining productivity of the pharmaceutical industry? An industry in need of a paradigm shift.Drug discovery today,18(5), 211-217. Stephenson, C. P., Karanges, E., McGregor, I. S. (2013). Trends in the utilisation of psychotropic medications in Australia from 2000 to 2011.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,47(1), 74-87. Toole, A. A. (2012). The impact of public basic research on industrial innovation: Evidence from the pharmaceutical industry.Research Policy,41(1), 1-12.

Cloning How Far Will It Go free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Cloning: How far will it travel? Everyday people find themselves at a hamlets that requires a determination as to which way to follow. In the past few old ages, scientists have gained cognition about cloning that could impact our lives for centuries to come. As a society we are at a hamlets and we will hold to make up ones mind how to utilize this cognition. Will we take to increase our power over nature or will we develop a partnership? There are many benefits of cloning, but do they outweigh the possibility of losing familial diverseness, confronting familial favoritism, and the chilling effects portrayed in scientific discipline fiction books like Brave New World and 1984, and films like Gattaca and Planet of the Apes. ? Cloning is the production of a genetically indistinguishable extra of an being? ( Hawley 1 ) . In a sense, many workss, algae, unicellular beings, and even worlds of course produce indistinguishable progeny. For illustration, the blowball reproduces asexually to make a transcript of itself. As a species it has reached a tableland and can no longer advancement. Within the human species, indistinguishable twins are basically ringers. The division of the embryo produces two embryos with the exact same familial information. The effect of a species merely bring forthing asexually is the loss of familial diverseness, which can hold inauspicious effects on a species. There is a grey country between the benefits and the jobs of cloning. Some people may state that anything that improves the lives of worlds is a benefit, but I disagree. Human cloning demands to be restricted. If taken to the extreme, human cloning could be black to mankind. First of all, nonsexual reproduction creates a population with the same familial information which eliminates familial diverseness. Without diverseness, one disease could pass over out the whole population because no individual would be able to contend a disease any better than anyone else. In Brave New World, the writer writes about? doing 96 human existences turn where merely one grew before. ? Can you conceive of that many people walking around that look precisely like you? It is true that people today have lost some sense of individualism because of peoples? desires to accomplish society? s ideal image, but cloning would farther deter individuality. Both our biological and societal constructions could be in h azard if we allow cloning to acquire out of control. On the other manus, cloning can be good without holding to step in in the natural reproduction of worlds. The possible benefits of cloning include bettering farm animal for ingestion by worlds, bring arounding diseases, and bring forthing cells and variety meats that are compatible with a transplant patient. Cloning could drastically better the agricultural industry. Familial information of farm animal has already been altered so the farm animal produce biological proteins that help people with diseases like diabetes and Parkinson? s. Besides, it would be fantastic to bring around common diseases, but do we understand the impact of bring arounding diseases? Our population would skyrocket and new diseases would likely develop from mutants. Although, I know if I had malignant neoplastic disease or Alzheimer? s disease I would desire there to be a process to extinguish these diseases from my cistrons. Theoretically, utilizing cloning or more specifically, familial technology, to extingu ish diseases is similar to utilizing inoculations to forestall infantile paralysis, poulet syphilis, and rubeolas. This cognition could besides be used to develop? nervus cells for spinal cord hurts, skin cells for Burnss, and bone cells for osteoporosis? ( Meek ) . These cells are so used to replace the blemished cells. It is difficult to state where to pull the line on researching these techniques. As a society, we can? t dressed ore on salvaging the lives of a few people and bury to concern ourselves with the long term effects on the species as a whole. If we do, our hopes of bettering the our lives today may stop the lives of our posterities. There are many possibilities within the range of cloning, will we? play God? or be a spouse of nature? Now consider the possible jobs and ethical issues that could originate from cloning. Scientists are working to detect new techniques to better human life, but will these techniques be misused and who determines how they are used in the first topographic point? A normally discussed issue of cloning is if we are? playing God. ? The cognition of cloning allows us to step in with nature more than of all time thought possible. Alternatively of leting nature to work its rhythm of endurance of the fittest, worlds have chosen one time once more to rush the procedure along in hopes of making a better species of genetically enhanced worlds. First of wholly, people should non be allowed to take the sex of their babe. If we allow this to go a common process, so shortly parents will be bespeaking a certain tallness, weight, hair, and oculus colour, and doing certain the babe has no diseases. Journalist, Jennifer K. Nii, says, ? It may be through our best purposes that we create this brave new uni verse, but it may besides take to a universe where our kids become the ultimate shopping experience. ? It would be unfortunate to allow humanity be lost to the procedures associated with picking the right colour pigment or sofa for a room or the perfect auto to look cool in. These are material things, and nature and her procedures are corrupted by the thought of? manufactured goods. ? In Brave New World, cloning leads to a civilization with no sense of nature ; everything is developed on the production line. The civilization lacked regard for humanity because it treated worlds as machines whose parts could be put together in specified ways. It would be a sedate error to let society to utilize scientific discipline to accomplish its idealised image of flawlessness. Familial make-up will switch from the? unmanageable manus of destiny? to the determinations of parents woolgathering of a perfect kid ( Teich 311 ) . Other upseting processs could originate from cloning. For illustration, people might hold the ability to clone a deceasing household member or pet. This may decrease the compunction, but in actuality, the ringer will non be precisely like the original. The ringer has the same cistrons, but still may be a different tallness, weight, and have a different personality. Besides, the ringer would non be considered a different individual because the ringer would be make fulling the nothingness of the original individual. This is really immoral and scandalous to the human race. Human life would lose its costliness and go excessively manufactured and governable. Additionally, the thought of bring forthing a full homo ringer to supply variety meats and trim parts for the original individual has been mentioned. These processs change the significance of humanity. It shows a deficiency of regard for human life. Another effect of the cognition associated with the research of cloning is familial favoritism. From birth to decease personal familial information could hold profound effects on the lives of people. Would you like to cognize at birth that you have an 80 per centum opportunity of deceasing at age 30 of bosom disease? The ability to find a individual? s diseases would do it hard for a individual to have wellness insurance. For this ground, people could be rejected from occupations because the employer doesn? T want person with bosom disease or doesn? T want to pay the high insurance costs of an unhealthy individual. A new category construction would organize ; the morbid people and the healthy people. The thought of being predestined to a certain category is chilling because it eliminates geographic expedition, advancement, and chance. In Brave New World, the people non merely couldn? Ts decide their hereafter, but they couldn? T choose what they wanted to have on or who to be friends with. Bing predestined to a certain type of life is a world today, but alternatively of being classified by the socioeconomic group one is born into, scientific methods would find those who should win. Today, pigeonholing can be overcome, whereas something every bit absolute as an familial profile can non. The film Gattaca, reveals the possibility of cloning doing a division in society based upon the method of birth ; natural versus genetically cloned. The natural Born, Ethan Hawke, is considered weak and stupid. The minute he was conceived he was demarcated to a life as a janitor. On the other manus, his brother, whose cistrons were specifically chosen by his parents is destined for success. It would be unrighteous to extinguish the possibility of mounting to the top of society? s ladder by pinioning people to the lower category based on cistrons. Genes don? T tell the whole narrative because if they did so indistinguishable twins would hold the same personality, intelligence, and, of class, the same opportunity for success. It is obvious that the environment one lives in, significantly affects the route they will go through life. Do we desire a society in which cistrons dictate all that one is allowed to accomplish? This would intend a society in which people were? shackled by their lineage? ( Teich 313 ) . Besides, how does duty associate to one? s actions. If cistrons are used to find how successful one will be, so why can? t person say that it wasn? t his mistake that he murdered a individual, it was his bad cistrons that caused him to make it? The complexnesss of human life would be lost if we allowed cistrons to find one? s ability to win, alternatively of leting personality traits like leading, kindling, and passion to be the key to accomplishing success. Another signifier of favoritism that research of cloning could light is racism. Imagine a group similar to the Nazi? s taking to extinguish a race because of a minute insufficiency revealed by familial information. If it were found that one race normally had impaired motor accomplishments, so the whole race would be branded as inept. Who knows what race murder could be started by this information. It appears that we as a society demand to be reminded that merely because we have the ability to make something, doesn # 8217 ; t intend that we should or that the consequences will be positive. It is human nature to desire to detect new things. Discoveries can take to come on or arrested development, depending on who controls the information. Cloning, if used decently, can be effectual in heightening human life, but in the incorrect custodies cloning may take to the devastation of humanity as we know it today. Cloning has the possible to be far more important that the development of the atomic bomb? a tool that we knew how to do, but many people expressed concern about its development. And now we must populate mundane cognizing we killed 1000000s of guiltless people. It will be of import that we use this cognition about cloning in a manner that? cherishes our human ability to exceed biological science, that enshrines our spontaneousness, capriciousness, and single singularity? ( Te ich 313 ) . Science alterations society. Society must larn to command scientific discipline. Plants Cited Hawley, Aaron. ? Cloning. ? hypertext transfer protocol: //members.tripod.com/ cloning/cloning.txt Meek, James. ? Scientists Defend Clone Research. ? World Reporter 13 April 2000. Nii, Jennifer K. ? Biotechnology brings universe to eve of new age. ? Deseret News Publishing Company: 21 April 2000. Teich, Albert H. Technology and the Future. New York: St Martin? s Press, 1997.