Leadership Style: Indian Prime Minister

attracters Style Indian Prime subgenus PastorIndira Gandhi-one of the first female salad days pastor of religions in the world (preceded that by Sirimavo Bandaranaike who became anchor diplomatic minister of Sri Lanka in 1960), as well as the longest serving autochthonic minister of India, the most populous democracy in the world-was an ideal apprisedidate for this assignment. An exceedingly complex individual, Indira Gandhi was ofttimes perceived as a shy, aloof young fair sex. And yet her look as Prime Minister was engaged and aggressive, climaxing in her declaration of a differentiate of Emergency in 1975. born(p) into Indias most great policy-making family in 1917, Indira Nehru was immersed in politics from an archean age. Stepping into the void left by her mothers untimely demolition in 1936, as a young woman she became her fathers hostess, a role that grow into confidant and consultant over the ensuing years. subsequently her fathers death in 1964, she acce pted a tiddler portfolio in the Shastri presidential term. Lal Bahadur Shastris resultant death, two years later, made her the compromise selection of the ruling Congress ships company hierarchy for the endure of the set up minister, since she was thought to harbour no political ambitions of her feature.Over the next 11 years, she proved to be a redoubted political attraction, consolidating her control over the society and the country, winning the 1971 war with Pakistan that saw the beingness of Bangladesh, and declaring a State of Emergency in 1975. This last mentioned action, a culmination of corrosive relations with the adversary, guide to her political belt down in the 1977 elections. Out of force out for the next three years, she returned triumphantly in 1980, and rule India with an increased purpose to maintain herself in office. not above manipulating communal grievances to block in queen, ironically she, herself, unconstipatedtually spend victim of on e of these crises. In 1984, she was assassinated by her own bodyguards, members of the Sikh community, hence ending a remarkable political career.leaders Style A New Synthesis maculation e truly scholar seems to have his or her own definition of leading style, the underlying concepts appear to be similar-how the leader carries out the responsibilities of his or her office to a greater extent specifically, the leaders work habits, and how they relate to those some them. After reviewing various studies of presidential leadership style Hermann and Preston (1994) distilled five common leadership style variables interestingness in the indemnitymaking serve up, go forthingness to tolerate conflict, motivation for leading, and preferred strategies for resolving conflict. Kaarbo (1997, pp. 561-563) adopted and modified these five variables and added two variables from the literature on organizational leadership style-relations with members of the storage locker and task preference.T his study adapted five of the variables (motivation for leading, task orien- tation, cabinet steering strategy, cultivation perplexity strategy, and rela- tions with the expoundy) developed by Hermann and Preston (1980) and Kaarbo (1997, pp. 561-563), and added another(prenominal) five variables that examine the prime ministers relations with personnel, opposition parties, the media, and the public, and his/her investiture in job performance. These have been grouped into three spheres of activity first, the leader and his/her motivation, task orientation, and investment in job performance second, the leader and the executive-cabinet and reading management strategies and third, the leader and relations with other personnel, caucus, the ships company, the opposition, and the media.Leadership Style of Indira GandhiThis section examines the empirical evidence of Gandhis leadership style motivation for leading task orientation investment in job performance management style, both w ith the cabinet and in the realm of information gathering and her interpersonal relations with her associates, the caucus, the extra-parliamentary party, the opposition, the media, and the public. Results showed that she was motivated primarily by pragmatism and power, stylus on goals sort of than process. With her cabinet, she functioned largely as an commend for her goals and preferred to rely on independent sources of information. In her dealings with personnel, the party caucus, the extra-parliamentary party organization and the opposition parties, she was largely demanding, domineering, competitive, imperious, and oppositional. She was capable of being both accessible and friendly to the media as well as being hostile and closed, depending on the time period. It was provided with the public that Indira demonstrated a consistent pattern or openness and warmth.MotivationThe first leadership style variable centers around the question of a prime ministers motivation for lead ing. A survey of the literature has suggested that a variety of inescapably and incentives induce individuals to assume leadership positions in politics (see Kaarbo Hermann, 1998, pp. 251-252). The leader may be motivated by pragmatism (a belief in an obligation to the party to shape government policies along incremental lines) by personal validation (the wish to be popular and to be accepted) by an ideological agenda (a unyielding system of political beliefs that shapes government policy) or a desire for power (dominance and control).In the area of motivation, it can be observed that notwithstanding a brief flirtation with socialism, Indira Gandhi was a decidedly non-ideological leader.Investment in Job PerformanceThe amount of energy and time that a prime minister brings to the office is another variable of leadership style (Barber, 1972/1992). It demonstrates whether the leader places limits on the extent of the commitment to the office or whether at that place is a tire lit tle outpouring of energy. Prime ministers may be interested primarily in the process of government, the building of concurrence, and the development of good relations among the members of cabinet, or they may be more goal oriented, focusing on specific ends and their murder.Indira Gandhi was heavily involved in her role as Prime Minister. Politics took over her life as she travelled extensively crisscrossing India with extraordinary energy (Gupte, 1992, p. 331). A 16-hour or longer running(a) day was the norm with very little time for family, friends, or relaxation (Frank, 2001, p. 355).Task OrientationThe way in which the prime minister organizes the composition of and manages the decision-making process within the cabinet is another facet of leadership style. How are policy dilemmas resolved? To what extent is there involvement in the policy process? Who constrains part of the locus of decision making is also something the prime minister decides. In these activities, the prime ministers style may run the gamut from being largely uninvolved, to a consensus builder, to an arbitrator, and closingly, to a strong advocateThe empirical evidence indicates that Indira Gandhi was overpoweringly concerned about task implementation and little concerned with the issue of building concurrence among her cabinet. Rather, she set many of her cabinet colleagues as potential challengers, and if any grew too powerful, she saw to it that their powers were curbed, even if it meant dismissing capable individuals. cabinet ManagementAlthough information in a cabinet setting is usually channelled through the various ministries, prime ministers will differ as to how they choose to review such information and how they relate to their close advisers. The same, of course, is unbent for presidents in a presidential system (George, 1980, 1988 George George, 1998 Hermann, 1978, 1987 Hermann Preston, 1995 Kaarbo, 1997). They may want all the facts about the problem or situation and do the interpretation themselves, or they may only be interested in comprehend summaries and policy options. Of interest here is how much input the prime minister wants into the way problems and issues are border and get onto the agenda.Strategy Indira Gandhis dealings with her cabinet demonstrated overwhelmingly that her preferred role was to act as an advocate, rather than a consensus builder, or arbitrator between various government ministers. But advocacy only partly captures the extent to which she dominated her colleagues she dismissed those who might have challenged her and placed her favourites in senior government posts. Her advocacy was, in fact, an authoritative, peremptory exercise of power.Information Management StrategyIn managing the flow of information that comes to the office, does the prime minister use a system of individuals to filter information and minimize direct involvement, or is close scrutiny more likely? Closely related is the question on which the pri me minister relies for information. Does the prime minister prefer to receive policy relevant data from his cabinet and senior civic servants, or is there a reliance on other sources?As part of her overall activist stance as Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi demonstrated a high compass point of involvement in the management of information, prefer- ring to search out what she wanted to know, rather than waiting for it to be presented to her.Relations with PersonnelThe final cluster of leadership style variables focuses on the prime ministers interpersonal relations with those with whom he/she works, i.e., state-level., governmental officials, members of the judiciary, etc., with his or her own party, with the opposition, the media, and the public. The prime minister interacts with a number of individuals on a daily basis. The extent of the involvement may be high or low stylistically it may encompass patterns ranging from solicitous, to polite, attention seeking, demanding, and even ex ploitative. With both the caucus and the extra-parliamentary party organization, the prime minister may behave cooperatively or be competitive or combative and overbearing. Since conflict is a very pervasive element in cabinet life, especially in highly factional single party cabinets and in coalition cabinets (see t Hart, 1994), the management of party relations by a prime minister is extremely important.Indira Gandhis dealings with her aides, advisers, and members of other branches of government were coded for the degree of involvement and the type of behavior exhibited.Relations with other stakeholdersAnalysts have also focused on how the leader carries out or implements decisions, the way in which the leader mobilizes, orchestrates, and consolidates support for his or her policy decisions (Renshon, 1996a, 1996b). Does the prime minister attempt to sell policies by going beyond the party and parliament to appeal to the public at large? Does he or she try to educate or manipulate the public? Or does the leader display little direct engagement with the public, preferring government officials to articulate and defend government policy? Those prime ministers who focus on policy achievements are more likely to use the office of the prime minister as a bully pulpit, while those who stress the policy process will be less inclined to try to generate additional support among the attendant public.I . troupe Caucus and Extra-Parliamentary Party OrganizationIndira Gandhis relationship with the party caucus-and more particularly her cabinet colleagues-was overwhelmingly contentious from 1966 until 1970. From 1970 on, as power shifted from the Cabinet to the Prime Ministers Secretariat, her relations with the party caucus became manipulative/exploitative. Later, power would shift even more to the Prime Ministers house next door (Frank, 2001, p. 354). The party caucus and the cabinet increasingly assumed a rubber stamp function and the cabinet no longer operated as a cen ter of policy making. Indiras relations with the party organization largely mirrored those with the party caucus. Given the nature of her competitive and controlling relationships with both her caucus and the Congress party organization, it is hardly surprising that Gandhi would manifest the same type of behavior with the various opposition parties.Born into Indias most prominent political family in 1917, Indira Nehru was immersed in politics from an early age. Stepping into the void left by her mothers untimely death in 1936, as a young woman she became her fathers hostess, a role that expanded into confidant and advisor over the ensuing years. After her fathers death in 1964, she accepted a minor portfolio in the Shastri government. Lal Bahadur Shastris subsequent death, two years later, made her the compromise choice of the ruling Congress Party hierarchy for the post of the prime minister, since she was thought to harbour no political ambitions of her own.Over the next 11 years, she proved to be a formidable political leader, consolidating her control over the party and the country, winning the 1971 war with Pakistan that saw the creation of Bangladesh, and declaring a State of Emergency in 1975. This latter action, a culmination of bitter relations with the opposition, led to her political defeat in the 1977 elections. Out of power for the next three years, she returned triumphantly in 1980, and ruled India with an increased determination to maintain herself in office. Not above manipulating communal grievances to stay in power, ironically she, herself, eventually fell victim of one of these crises. In 1984, she was assassinated by her own bodyguards, members of the Sikh community, thus ending a remarkable political career.Born into Indias most prominent political family in 1917, Indira Nehru was immersed in politics from an early age. Stepping into the void left by her mothers untimely death in 1936, as a young woman she became her fathers hostess, a rol e that expanded into confidant and advisor over the ensuing years. After her fathers death in 1964, she accepted a minor portfolio in the Shastri government. Lal Bahadur Shastris subsequent death, two years later, made her the compromise choice of the ruling Congress Party hierarchy for the post of the prime minister, since she was thought to harbour no political ambitions of her own.Over the next 11 years, she proved to be a formidable political leader, consolidating her control over the party and the country, winning the 1971 war with Pakistan that saw the creation of Bangladesh, and declaring a State of Emergency in 1975. This latter action, a culmination of bitter relations with the opposition, led to her political defeat in the 1977 elections. Out of power for the next three years, she returned triumphantly in 1980, and ruled India with an increased determination to maintain herself in office. Not above manipulating communal grievances to stay in power, ironically she, herself, eventually fell victim of one of these crises. In 1984, she was assassinated by her own bodyguards, members of the Sikh community, thus ending a remarkable political career.II. Media and PublicLastly, in relations with the media, the prime minister may be accessible and informative or inaccessible and hostile. Prime ministers who emphasize the implementation of significant policy changes are more likely to generate greater opposition, which in turn will be reflected in some parts of the media, than those who are more concerned with maintaining the political process with incremental changes. In the face of hostility on the part of the media, the Prime Minister is more likely to become less accessible and more hostile.Gandhis relations with the media vacillated between being accessible, informative, and friendly to being uninformative, inaccessible, and unfriendly afterwards the imposition of Emergency Rule in 1975. However, in her relations with the public, Indira Gandhis leadershi p style was extremely open. The Indian crowds seemed to energize her, and she felt a special bond with the Indian masses who loved the combination of her risque background and her simple down-to-earth manner.Over the next 11 years, she proved to be a formidable political leader, consolidating her control over the party and the country, winning the 1971 war with Pakistan that saw the creation of Bangladesh, and declaring a State of Emergency in 1975. This latter action, a culmination of bitter relations with the opposition, led to her political defeat in the 1977 elections. Out of power for the next three years, she returned triumphantly in 1980, and ruled India with an increased determination to maintain herself in office. Not above manipulating communal grievances to stay in power, ironically she, herself, eventually fell victim of one of these crises. In 1984, she was assassinated by her own bodyguards, members of the Sikh community, thus ending a remarkable political career.Conc lusionAnalysis shows Indira Gandhi as potently goal-oriented, tireless in the exercise of her job, an advocate within her cabinet with a preference for receiving information from independent sources. As well, the type of involvement she exhibited with associates, the caucus, the party organization, and the opposition, which was largely competitive and controlling, also fitted expectations for the Ambitious, Controlling, and litigious leader. Indira Gandhis leadership behavior in the selected categories revealed that her leadership style patterns strongly indicate toward her Ambitious, Dominant, and Contentious personality as well as self-effacing, Retiring, and Aggrieved personality patterns.Although, Indira Gandhi demonstrated some Reticent personality traits when she assumed the office of the Prime Minister, the demands of the job and the initial hostility she encountered from the Congress elites-the Syndicate-seem to have galvanized the Ambitious, Dominant, and Contentious dim ensions of her personality into action. Compensatory narcissism allowed Indira to appeal over the heads of the Syndicate and establish a strongly personal and very effective relationship with the masses that bolstered her self-esteem and fueled this aspect of her personality.